Section Ⅰ
Ⅰ.高频单词点击
1．literary (adj.)文学的→literature (n.)文学；文学作品
2．prejudice (n.)偏见；成见
3．consensus (n.)共识；共同意见
4．equality (n.)同等；平等→equal (adj.)相等的；平等的 (v.)等于
5．twist (n.)扭曲；歪曲 (vt.&vi.)拧；缠绕；扭曲→twisty (adj.)扭曲的
6．contradiction (n.)反驳；矛盾→contradictory (adj.)相矛盾的；相抵触的
7．limitation (n.)限制；局限性→limit (n.&v.) 限制；限定→limited (adj.)有限的；受限的
8．hopeless (adj.)没有希望的；绝望的→hopeful (adj.)充满希望的
9．approval (n.)赞成；承认→approve (v.)赞成；批准
10．explicit (adj.)直率的；明确的；清楚的→explicitly (adv.)清楚地；明白地→explicitness (n.)清楚；明白
11．outspoken (adj.)坦率直言的
12．growth (n.)生长
13．premier (adj.)第一的；首要的 (n.)总理；首相
14．ambiguous (adj.)含糊的；模糊的→ambiguously (adv.)暧昧地；不明确地→ambiguousness (n.)暧昧；含糊
15．injustice (n.)不公平；非正义→unjust (adj.)不公平的；非正义的
16．possess (v.)拥有；占有→possession (n.)拥有；占有；财产
17．sponsor (n.)担保人；发起人；赞助者
Ⅱ.重点短语必记
1．in force 有效的；在实施中
2．get round 顺利应付；克服
3．under the name of ... 用……的名字；
在……的名字下
4．see through 看穿；识破
5．struggle against 与……做斗争
6．stand out 杰出
Ⅲ.常用句型必备
1．Can you believe that there used to be a consensus in society that opposed the writing of novels by authoresses?
2．Clearly this restriction must_have_operated at a time when there was no equality of opportunity for women.
3．It is making fun of those mothers whose only wish is to marry their daughters well.
4．These_women_having_produced_works_of_the_highest_quality,_ any survey of the 19th century English literature must include them.
Ⅳ.课文缩写填空
There 1.used (use) to be a consensus in society that opposed the writing of novels by authoresses. 2.Even so there is another twist to this story.In a strange 3.contradiction (contradictory), this period produced five of the most courageous and gifted authoresses who got 4.round this ban.Jane Austen was the first of these great women writers.Her novels deal with the problems and 5.limitations (limit) of women's choices.Charlotte Brontё was the most famous of the three Brontё sisters.Her novels described women 6.struggling(struggle) against their restricted roles in society.Jane Eyre was a 7.revelation (reveal) after the more reserved feelings expressed in Jane Austen's novels.George Eliot's novels examined the morally ambiguous concessions people make in their lives in order to succeed.8.Among some excellent male authors, Charles Dickens 9.stands out as a literary critic of the injustices of his society.His novels describe the hardships of poor people 10.who/that did not possess money or a sponsor to smooth their path.
Section_Ⅱ
Warming Up & Reading — Language Points
1．literary adj.文学的；从事写作的
AhQ is a literary figure.
阿Q是一个文学形象。
Our professor is a literary authority.
我们的教授是一位文学权威。
literature n． 文学；文学作品；文献；著作
literally adv. 字面上；按字面；逐字地；真正地
Newspapers are not literature; you usually read them only once.
报纸不是文学作品，你通常看一遍就不再看了。
[即境活用1] 翻译句子
(1)Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities is a literary classic.
狄更斯的《双城记》是一部文学名著。
(2)他热衷于中国古典文学。
He_is_crazy_about_Chinese_classical_literature.
2. consensus n．共识；共同意见
There is a growing consensus of opinion on this issue.
对这个问题的看法日趋一致。
reach a consensus on 在……方面达成共识
The two parties have reached a consensus on a new national pensions system.
这两个政党就新的养老金制度达成了一致意见。
[即境活用2] 完成句子
The government is also undertaking important educational work based_on_the_consensus_of(建立在……共识基础上) the members that the best form of conservation is the prevention of damage.
3. equality n．平等；【数】相等；等式
Women are still struggling for true equality with men.
妇女仍在争取与男人真正平等。
Today, we are going to learn equality and inequality.
今天我们将学习等式与不等式。
be on an equality (with) 与……平等
equal adj. 平等的
be equal to 与……相等；胜任
equally adv. 平等地；平均地
All men are equal before the law.
法律面前人人平等。
Let the line AB be equal to the line CD.
设线段AB等于CD。
[即境活用3] 完成句子
(1)Bill and Bob shared_the_work_equally (平分工作) between them.
(2)I'm sure Barbara is_quite_equal_to (完全胜任) the task.
4．contradiction n．矛盾；不一致；否认；反驳
To deny contradiction is to deny everything.
否认事物的矛盾，就是否认了一切。
Is it a contradiction to love animals and yet wear furs?
又爱护动物又穿皮毛服装是矛盾的吗？
in contradiction with 与……相抵触
in contradiction to 反之；与……相反；
同……矛盾
contradict vt. 反驳；否认；相矛盾
contradictory adj. 互相矛盾的；抵触的；反驳的
The two statements contradict each other.
这两种说法互相矛盾。
What a contradictory theory!
多么矛盾的理论啊！
[即境活用4] 一句多译
你今天的声明与你昨天所说的话相互矛盾。
(1)Your statements today are_in_contradiction_with/to what you said yesterday.
(2)Your statements today contradict what you said yesterday.
5．limitation
(1)n.[C]限制；限度；局限；局限性；不足之处；不利之处
One should realize one's limitations.
一个人应该明白自己的不足之处。
(2)n.[U]限制(指限制的动作或过程)
Age is no limitation to this kind of job.
做这种工作没有年龄限制。
limit vt. 限制；限定n.界限；限度
limit ... to ... 把……限制在……内
beyond the limit 超过限度
within the limits of 在……范围内
set a limit to sth. 对……规定限度
there is a/no limit to 对……是有限的/无限的
limited adj. 有限的
be limited to sth. 受限制于……
I believe teaching should not be limited to the classroom.
我认为教学不应该局限在教室里。
There is a limit to one's life, but no limit to serving the people.
一个人的生命是有限的，但是为人民服务是无限的。
He was born in a poor family, and only received limited education in his childhood.
他出生在一个贫困家庭中，童年时期仅仅接受了有限的教育。
[即境活用5] 介词填空
(1)In my opinion, you had better set a limit to the expense of your trip.
(2)I'll help as much as I can, but there is a limit to what I can do.
(3)Any driver found drinking beyond the limit will be charged.
6．explicit adj.直率的；明确的；清楚的
They were explicit in their criticism.
他们直截了当地表达了他们的批评。
The doctor gave me explicit instructions on when and how to take the medicine.
大夫详细地告诉我该何时服药以及如何服药。
to be explicit about sth. 对某事直言不讳；对某事态度鲜明
implicit (反义词)adj. 暗示的；含蓄的；固有的
She was quite explicit about why she left.
她对自己离去的原因直言不讳。
Her silence gave implicit consent.
她的沉默表示默许。
[即境活用6] 完成句子
(1)We should have some explicit_learning_aims (明确的学习目标) in a short time.
(2)He gave me explicit_directions (详细的指导) on how to operate the household robot.
7．ambiguous adj.含糊的；模糊的
This is an ambiguous sentence.
这是一个含意不清的句子。
Your statement of purpose is ambiguous, so we don't understand what you intend to do.
你的目的陈述得不够清楚，因此我们不明白你想干什么。
vague, ambiguous
(1)vague adj.含混的；不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。
She is so vague that I can never understand what she is trying to say.
她说话含含糊糊，我怎么也听不明白她想说些什么。
(2)ambiguous adj.意义含糊的；有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。
His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.
他模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑，以至于我们不知道这两条路该走哪条了。
[即境活用7] 完成句子
Jane is not honest and tends to hide her opinion.She would give you an_ambiguous_suggestion (一个含糊的建议) about it.
8．injustice n．不公平；非正义
We must fight against injustice.
我们必须维护正义。
do sb.an injustice 使某人受屈；冤枉某人
justice n. 正义；公平
unjust adj. 不公平的
With justice on your side, you can go anywhere; without it, you can't take a step.
有理走遍天下，无理寸步难行。
The system is corrupt and unjust.
这个体制腐败而不公平。
[即境活用8] 翻译句子
He is bold enough to attack social injustices.
他敢于抨击社会上的不公正现象。
1．in force有效的；在实施中；大规模地；大批地
The new safety regulations are now in force.
新的安全规则现已生效。
On the day the school was opened to visitors, and all the parents turned out in force.
学校对来访者开放的那一天，所有的家长成群地去了。
put/carry/bring sth.into force 使……开始生效；实施
come into force 开始生效
by force 靠武力；强行
A new law will be brought into force next year.
一项新法律将于明年开始实施。
When do the new class rules come into force?
新的班规何时生效？
The police seized that murder by force.
警察用武力抓住了那个杀人犯。
[即境活用9] 用force的相关短语填空
(1)In the history of America, people moved to the west by_force (强行) to open it up.
(2)When will the new regulations be_put/carried/brought_into_force (实施；生效)?
(3)The new agreement will be in_force (有效) next month.
2．get round(＝get around)顺利应付；克服；传播出去；说服；劝说
Let's try to get round the difficulty.
咱们设法克服困难。
How can we get round that regulation?
我们如何能绕过那条规则呢？
Do not let him get round you.
不要让他说服你。
get round to sth./doing sth. 抽出时间做某事
I can't find time to get round to this matter.
我腾不出时间来处理这件事。
[即境活用10] 介、副词填空
(1)He thinks he is clever and he can get round/around the tax laws.
(2)I meant to do the ironing this morning but I didn't get round to it.
3．see through看穿；识破；帮助……渡过(困难等)；干到底；干完
I can see through you; don't think you can fool me.
我能看透你，别以为你能愚弄我。
We will see you through the difficulty.
我们会帮助你渡过难关。
She's determined to see the job through.
她决心把这项工作干到底。
see sb.off 为某人送行
see to sth. 负责；留意；照料
Her aunt was at the airport to see her off.
她姑姑在机场为她送行。
He promised me to see to my pet when I was away.
他答应我当我不在时照看我的宠物。
[即境活用11] 完成句子
(1)Can't you see_through (识破) his lies?
(2)Will you see_to_it_that(负责) this letter gets mailed today?
4．struggle against(＝struggle with)与……做斗争；和……斗争
He struggled against cancer for two years.
他同癌症抗争了两年。
We had to struggle with/against all kinds of difficulties.
我们必须与各种困难做斗争。
struggle for ...＝struggle to do sth. 为……而奋斗/努力/争取
Workers, struggle for a clean canteen and healthy food.
工人，为了干净的食堂和健康的食物而斗争。
John struggled to pass the final exam.
约翰为通过期末考试而努力着。
[即境活用12] 翻译句子
(1)那两个领导人正在争夺权力。
The_two_leaders_are_struggling_for_power.
(2)她努力忍住泪水。
She_struggled_to_keep_back_the_tears.
5．stand out站出来；突出；坚持抵抗；显眼；引人注目
They stood out till victory.
他们坚持到胜利。
Don't stand out there or you'll get wet through.
你别站在外边，要不全身都要湿透了。
stand out (from/against sth.) (在……衬托/对比下)显眼；突出
stand out for sth. 坚决要求某物
stand for 代表；主张；支持；容忍；忍受
stand by 袖手旁观；无动于衷
The fivestar red flag stands out brightly against the blue sky.
五星红旗在蓝天的衬托下显得分外鲜艳。
They were standing out for higher wages.
他们坚持要增加工资。
What do the letters UN stand for?
字母UN代表什么？
I'm not going to stand by and see her hurt.
我不能袖手旁观眼看着她受伤。
[即境活用13] 介、副词填空
(1)She is the sort of person who stands out in a crowd.You can recognize her at first sight.
(2)Don't just stand by. Can't you lend a hand?
(3)People usually eat mooncakes which stand for a happy reunion.
1．Can you believe that_there_used_to_be a consensus in society that opposed the writing of novels by authoresses?
你能相信从前社会上存在着反对女子写小说的舆论吗？
(1)句中含有两个that引导的从句。第一个从句是believe的宾语从句；第二个从句是先行词consensus的定语从句。
Galileo insisted that the earth moves round the sun.(宾语从句)
伽利略坚持地球绕太阳运行的说法。
The bag that lies on the ground is hers.(定语从句)
地上的那个包是她的。
(2)there used to be ...是there be句型的一种变式
Actually, the Olympic Park is built where there used to be a poor area called East London.
事实上，奥运会公园建立在一个过去贫穷的东伦敦地区。
类似句型还有：
There happened to be nobody in the room.
碰巧房间里没有人。
There are likely to be more difficulties than they have been prepared for.
他们可能会遇到比他们已经预想到的更大的困难。
There seems to be no need to wait longer.
似乎没有必要再等了。
There must be something wrong here.
这儿一定出了什么事。
There lives a family of five in the village.
村子里住着一个五口之家。
There stands the Monument to the People's Heroes at the center of the Tian'anmen Square.
天安门广场正中心矗立着人民英雄纪念碑。
There goes the bell for the class!
上课铃响了！
[即境活用14] 用适当的连接词填空/完成句子
(1)It is the education that/which he received when studying abroad that has made him such an excellent manager.
(2)I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
(3)There_used_to_be_an_old_temple (过去有一座古庙) on the hill in my hometown.
2．Clearly this restriction must_have_operated at a time when there was no equality of opportunity for women.
很显然，这种限制在妇女没有平等权利的时期肯定会起作用的。
(1)"must have done"表示对过去发生事情的推测
Look at her new car. She must have earned a lot of money.
看她的新车。她一定赚了不少钱。
(2)"must＋动词原形"表示对现在和将来情况进行推测
—Good morning. I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department.
早上好。我和人力资源部的史密斯小姐有个约会。
—Ah, good morning. You must be Mrs. Peters.
啊，早上好。你一定是彼得斯夫人。
[即境活用15] 完成句子
(1)他准是病了。他的脸色如此苍白。
He must_be_ill. He looks so pale.
(2)因为无人帮他，他一定是独自完成了那项研究。
Since nobody gave him any help, he must_have_done the research on his own.
3．It is making fun of those mothers whose only wish is to_marry their daughters well.
这句话就是在调侃那些一心只想把女儿嫁个好人家的妈妈们。
whose引导的定语从句为主系表结构，不定式to marry their daughters well作表语。
不定式作表语常表示具体的、特定的、将来的或有待于实现的行为。
动名词作表语常表示主语的内容，表示抽象的、一般性的行为，不表示动作。
My work this afternoon is to_teach_you_English.
我今天下午的工作就是教你英语。(教英语是暂时的工作)
My work is teaching_English.
我的工作是教英语。(教英语是我的职业)
[即境活用16] 用所给词的适当形式填空
(1)What I would suggest is to_put(put) off the meeting.
(2)What he liked was taking(take) a walk after supper when he was in his thirties.
Section_Ⅲ
Learning_about_Language
Ⅰ.高频单词点击
1．merchant (n.)商人
2．bargain (n.)便宜货
3．burglar (n.)窃贼
4．inspect (vt.)检查；视察
5．chain (n.)链条；锁链
6．semicircle (n.)半圆形
7．roof (n.)屋顶；房顶
8．collar (n.)衣领
9．pine (n.)松树
10．squirrel (n.)松鼠
Ⅱ.重点短语必记
1．straight away ＝ at once 立即；马上
2．pull oneself up 立起身来
3．pull off 脱去；努力完成
4．long for 渴望(某物)
Ⅲ.常用句型必备
The_wall_being_high_and_steep,_I had to climb a pine tree close by so that I could reach the top of it.
Ⅳ.单元语法聚焦
The Nominative Absolute Construction(独立主格结构)
1．bargain
(1)n.廉价货；便宜货；协议；交易
This house is for rent.It's a bargain.
这所房子是出租的。租金很便宜。
A bargain is a bargain.
协议总是协议。
make a bargain with sb. 与某人签订合同；达成协议
a real bargain 便宜货
That is a bargain! 一言为定！
(2)vi.讨价还价；谈判；协议
bargain with sb. for/over sth. 就……与某人讨价还价/商议/谈判
He bargained with his brother for the property.
他就财产与他的弟弟进行商议。
[即境活用1] 完成句子
(1)Let's make_a_bargain (达成协议)．If you do my homework, I'll give you the book Harry Potter.
(2)She bargained_with/made_a_bargain_with (与……讨价还价) the shop assistant over the price of a toy.
2．inspect vt.检查；视察
It was strange that nobody inspected my ticket before I got on the train.
很奇怪，我上火车前，竟然没有人查看我的车票。
Several officials came to inspect our school last week.
上周，几位官员来我校视察。
inspector n． 检查员
inspection n. 检查；视察
check, examine, inspect
(1)check指"检验，核对"是否有误，是否正确。
(2)examine为普通用词，用于检查身体，学生的考试。还指"察看或观察以了解情况"和"仔细调查或审查"的意思。
(3)inspect指"仔细查看是否有不足之处或不标准的地方"，还指上级对下级的"视察"。
[即境活用2] 用inspect的适当形式填空
To inspect those products completely, many quality inspectors will be responsible for the inspection.
1．straight away立即；马上
I'll bring them straight away.
我马上就把它们送来。
同义短语：at once, without delay, immediately, in no time, right away, right off, right now。
Do it at once.
立刻做这件事。
I'll write to him right away.
我马上就给他写信。
[即境活用3] 介、副词填空
(1)This matter is very urgent.Please deal with it straight away.
(2)Problems, if any, should be solved without delay.
(3)She was standing across the room but I recognized her right away.
2．pull oneself up站起来；立起身来
Can you find a hold for your hands so that you can pull yourself up?
你能找一个双手可以抓住的东西，以便自己站起来吗？
pull down 使扫兴；摧毁
pull up 停；使停止
pull away 逃走
pull out 驶出车站；退出
pull back 撤退；退出
pull through 康复；完成；做完(十分困难的事)
Would you please pull down the curtain?
请你把窗帘拉下来好吗？
The father pulled the child back from the river side.
父亲把孩子从河边拉了回来。
[即境活用4] 副词填空
(1)Mr.Brown's condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will pull through.
(2)Don pulled up at the red light and we stopped behind him.
(3)Don't pull out! There's a car coming.
独立主格结构
一、独立主格结构的概念
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的基本构成形式
名词/代词＋动词ing形式/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/名词/介词短语
1．名词/代词＋动词ing形式
在这种结构中，动词ing 形式与其逻辑主语是主动关系。
The bus coming here soon，we should get everything ready.
汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。
Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried.
母亲病了，李蕾非常担心。
2．名词/代词＋过去分词
在此结构中，过去分词与其逻辑主语是被动关系。
His cup broken, he used his bowl instead.
茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。
3．名词/代词＋不定式
这种结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态。在此结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主动关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是被动关系，则用被动形式。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newlybuilt school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
4．名词/代词＋形容词
The ground muddy, we should be careful.
地面泥泞，我们应该小心。
Computers very small, we can use them widely.
电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5．名词/代词＋副词
The class over, we all went out to play.
下课后，我们都出去玩。
The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。
6．名词/代词＋名词
His first shot failure, he fired again.
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
7．名词/代词＋介词短语
He lay at full length upon his stomach, his head resting upon his left forearm.
他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左前臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
Glasses in hand, he asked where his glasses were.
手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。
三、with/without引导的独立主格结构
with/without＋宾语(名词/代词)＋宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
1．with/without＋名词/代词＋动词的ing形式
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
2．with/without＋名词/代词＋动词的ed形式
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。
3．with/without＋名词/代词＋不定式
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，这个小孩很激动。
4．with/without＋名词/代词＋副词
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
5．with/without＋名词/代词＋介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
6．with/without＋名词/代词＋形容词
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。
温馨提示：在with/without的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但without不能省略。
四、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。
1．作时间状语
School over, the students went home.
放学后，学生们都回家了。
2．作条件状语
Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。
Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.
如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。
3．作原因状语
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
4．作伴随状语或补充说明
The boy rushed in, sweat pouring down.
那个男孩大汗淋漓地冲了进来。
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
10个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。
5．作定语，独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。
五、独立主格结构的注意事项
1．独立主格结构与分词短语转换为状语从句的区别
独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
→If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
如果时间允许，我们最好周末去度假。
Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
→When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。
2．不能省略being/having been的情形
在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being/having been不能省略：
(1)独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。
It being Sunday, we went to church.
因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。
(2)在"There being＋名词"结构中。
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3．物主代词或冠词的省略
在"名词/代词＋介词短语"构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。
Mr.Smith entered the classroom, book in hand (＝with a book in his hand)．
史密斯先生走进了教室，手里拿着一本书。
4．独立主格结构没有所有格形式
The chiefeditor arriving, we began the meeting.
主编来了，我们开始开会。
5．独立主格结构的时态和语态问题
独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.
听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.
由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。
6．当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时，及物动词用过去分词，不及物动词用现在分词
He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
7．独立成分与独立主格结构的区别
(1)有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，通常作为习惯用法。这些短语有：generally speaking (总的说来)，frankly speaking (坦率地说)，judging from(从……判断)，supposing(假设)，等等。
Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。
(2)有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest(老实说)，to be sure(确实)，to tell you the truth(说实话)，to cut a long story short(长话短说)，to be frank(坦率地说)，to make matters/things worse(更糟糕的是)，等等。
To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.
说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。
Section_Ⅳ
Using_Language
Ⅰ.高频单词点击
1._vain (adj.)徒然的；虚荣的
2．signal (n.)信号
3．discount (vt.)不信任；减少(n.)折扣；打折
4．sensitive (adj.)敏感的
5．decline (vt. & vi.) 拒绝；衰退；下降 (n.)衰退；跌落；下降
6．enquire (vt.)询问；打听；探询；调查→enquiry (n.)询问
7．initial (adj.)最初的；初始的
8．fault (n.)过错；缺点
Ⅱ.重点短语必记
1．in vain 徒然；徒劳
2．at length 最后；详细地
3．against one's will 违心地
4．think ill of 对……评价不高
5．do everything in one's power to do sth.
竭尽全力做某事
Ⅲ.常用句型必备
1．He spoke of his anxiety, but it_was_evident_from_his_face_that he felt sure of her answer.
2．And with_these_words he hastily left the room.
Ⅳ.功能意念项目
Suggestions & Attitudes
1．Perhaps you could consider ...
2．Is it possible for you to ...?
3．I'm afraid ...
4．I'm sorry, but it's possible for me to ...
5．Maybe it's better if ...
6．How can I ...?
1．decline
(1)vt.&vi.拒绝；衰退；下降
As one grows older one's memory declines.
人的记忆力随着年龄增长而衰退。
It is difficult to decline one's generous intentions.
盛情难却！
(2)n.衰退；跌落；下降
There is a sharp decline in the number of trees in the city.
这个城市的树木数量急剧下降。
decline sth./to do sth. 拒绝某事/做某事
decline by ... 下降了(后常接分数或百分数)
decline to ... 下降到(后常接数字)
a decline in/of ... ……的减少(下降)
on the decline 在衰退中；在减少中
The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year.
去年到这个胜地旅游的人数减少了10%。
Their spokesman declined to comment on the allegations.
他们的发言人拒绝对这些指控加以评论。
[即境活用1] 完成句子
(1)The population of this town has_been_in_decline/on_the_decline/declining (已正在下降) in the past 20 years.
(2)Allen angrily declined_to_discuss (拒绝谈论) the matter.
2．enquire(＝inquire) vt.&vi.询问；打听；探询；调查
enquire sth. (of sb.) 向某人打听/询问某事
enquire (about) sth. 询问某事
enquire after sb. 向某人问好
enquire for sb./sth. 求见某人；询问是否有某物
enquire into 调查；探究
We enquired (about) the way to the airport.
我们打听去机场的路。
She enquired after my mother's health.
她问起我母亲的健康状况。
We enquired into his story and found it was true.
我们调查了他所讲的事情，发现属实。
enquiry n． 询问
make enquiries about/into sth. 询问/调查某事
We made enquiries about/into the murder and finally discovered the truth.
我们对谋杀案进行了调查，最后发现了真相。
[即境活用2] 完成句子
I'd like to enquire_(about)(询问) the trains for London the day after tomorrow.
1．in vain徒劳无益地；枉费心机地
All our efforts were in vain.
我们所有的努力都付诸东流了。
be vain about/of sth. 对……自负的；炫耀的
vainly adv. 徒劳地；白费力地；无效地；枉然地
[即境活用3] 完成句子
(1)Day after day she waited vainly/in_vain (徒劳地) for him to telephone her.
(2)She is_vain_of/about (对……自负) her beauty.
2．at length(＝at last/in the end/finally/eventually)最后；终于；详细地
At length we arrived at our destination.
我们终于到达了目的地。
Students discussed the maths problem at length (in detail)．
学生们详细讨论这个数学问题。
at arm's length 伸手可及之处
at full length 伸展全身；冗长地；详尽地
in length 在长度上
The boy lay at full length on the grass.
男孩伸展全身躺在草地上。
[即境活用4] 介词填空
(1)The river is about 1,600 metres wide and 2,000 kilometres in length.
(2)At length they came within sight of the castle.
3．against one's will违心地；违背意愿地
He sold his car against his will.
他不得已才卖了汽车。
at will 随意地
He picked up the book at will.
他随意地拿了本书。
[即境活用5] 介词填空
(1)He told us that we could wander around at will.
(2)He refuses to do anything against his will.
4．think ill of(＝think little/poorly of)对……评价不高
Don't think ill of him.
不要把他想得太坏。
think well/much/highly of 对……高度评价
think nothing of 对……评价不好
The chairman thought highly of the sports meeting.
主席对这次运动会评价很高。
[即境活用6] 完成句子
(1)When a teacher learns that his students think_ill/little/poorly_of (对……评价不好) his lecture, you bet he will feel ashamed.
(2)We think_highly/well/much_of (高度评价……) their research in the field.
He spoke of his anxiety, but it_was_evident_from_his_face_that he felt sure of her answer.
他谈到了自己的焦虑，但是从他的面部表情来看，很显然他对她的答复很有把握。
it在句中作形式主语，代指后面that 引导的主语从句。
it 作形式主语的常用句式：
(1)It be＋形容词(obvious, possible, strange, natural, important ...)＋that从句。
It is obvious that without the help of the whole society, there would be no new school today.
很明显，如果没有全社会的帮助就不会有今天的新学校。
It is important that students (should) attend all the lectures.
所有的课学生都应该去听，这是很重要的。
(2)It be＋过去分词(said, thought, hoped, believed, supposed, reported ...)＋that从句。
It is believed that it is the earliest and largest ancient papermaking workshop site ever found in China.
人们认为这是迄今为止在中国发现的最早的也是最大的造纸作坊。
(3)It＋不及物动词(seem, occur, happen ...)＋that从句。
It occurred to me that I left my ticket at home.
我突然想起把票忘在家里了。
(4)It be＋名词短语(a pity, a fact, a wonder, an honour, no wonder ...)＋that从句。
It's a pity that you didn't watch the closing ceremony of the 2016 Rio Olympic Games.
你没有观看2016年里约奥运会闭幕式，真可惜。
[即境活用7] 翻译句子
(1)很明显你犯了一个大错。
It_is_obvious_that_you've_made_a_big_mistake.
(2)很可能他不来参加会议了。
It_is_likely_that_he_can't_come_to_the_meeting.
人 物 简 介
【写作任务】
根据下列材料，写一篇关于物理学家吴健雄的简介。词数：100左右。
(1)吴健雄，美籍华裔物理学家，1912年5月31日生于江苏省太仓县；
(2)1936年赴美国留学，1940年获美国加利福尼亚大学博士学位，之后又获得许多美国著名高等学府的博士学位；
(3)她长期从事物理学研究并在美国及国际上多次荣获大奖；
(4)吴健雄生前关心中国科技事业的发展，从1973年起多次来中国讲学，1992年在东南大学建立了吴健雄实验室；
(5)1997年2月16日，吴健雄女士因心脏病逝世。
【范文在线】
Wu Jianxiong, a female ChineseAmerican physicist, was born in Taicang County, Jiangsu Province on May 31st, 1912. She went to the USA for further education in 1936. Four years later, she got the doctor's degree in California University. After that she received lots of doctor's degrees in many famous universities in the USA.She devoted her life to her research in physics and won many prizes in the USA and all around the world.She had paid much attention to the development of science and technology in China, and she had been back to hold lectures many times since 1973.She set up a laboratory under her name in Dongnan University in 1992.On February 16th,1997, she died of heart disease.
【靓点点击】
1．本文结构紧凑，详略得当，中心突出。
2．本文使用了大量简单句式，但有承接连词如：after that, and等，所以使文章显得清晰、条理、简洁。
3．本文使用"一般过去时"行文，语法和文法使用得当。devote one's life to, pay attention to, set up, die of等词组的运用使行文自然。
写人的英语作文大致可分为两种：人物简介也叫人物说明；人物传记。人物简介属于说明文体；人物传记则属于记叙文体。本单元写作话题是写人物简介，是说明文，因此写作要以说明为主要表达方式。说明应主要包括人物的性别、年龄、家庭背景、受教育状况、工作经历、爱好兴趣等。人物简介都有一定的目的(宣传、求职、推荐、竞选等)并且形式多样(书信、简历、短文等)。
写作步骤：
1．先写人物的出生日期和地点。
2．人物的家庭或社会背景。
3．人物所接受的文化教育程度。
4．人物生活中的主要大事，要按时间来写。
5．个人或社会对该人物的评价。
注意事项：
介绍说明人物时，要抓住人物的主要特点或事迹来写，不要面面俱到。对能表现人物性格或其突出贡献的事说明要具体。对人物的评价要符合事实，既不能夸大其词，也不要贬低隐瞒。写作要能起到激励或警醒世人的目的。
请根据以下提示，用英语给《中国日报》写一篇100词左右的简讯，要求内容连贯，语句准确，并包含如下要点：
(1)姓名：刘进，年龄58岁，上海一家工厂的工程师。
(2)1978年毕业于南京大学，后来留学日本东京大学，攻读化学工程。
(3)1982年科研成果显著，获博士学位。
(4)日本一家公司想用高薪聘用他，但他拒绝了。
(5)为了报效祖国，他于1983年毅然回国。
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参考范文：
Mr.Liu Jin, aged 58, is working in a factory in Shanghai as a chemical engineer.After he graduated from Nanjing University in 1978, he was sent to Tokyo University to study the chemical engineering.Through his hard work for 4 years, he achieved remarkable result in scientific research and received a doctor's degree in 1982.A Japanese company tried hard to invite him to work and promised to give him a good salary but he didn't accept it.In 1983 he returned to China without any hesitation.He has made up his mind to devote all his life to our country.
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