编译 | 冯维维
Science, 1 Jul 2022, VOL 377, ISSUE 6601
《科学》2022年7月1日，第377卷，6601期
地球物理学Geophysics
Global fast-traveling tsunamis driven by atmospheric Lamb waves on the 2022 Tonga eruption
汤加火山爆发后大气兰姆波引发的全球快速海啸
▲ 作者：TATSUYA KUBOTA, TATSUHIKO SAITO, AND KIWAMU NISHIDA
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo4364
▲ 摘要：
2022年1月15日，汤加火山爆发在全球范围内引发海啸，其中第一波比预计的常规海啸提前2个多小时到达。作者研究了海啸“先行者”的产生和传播机制，通过模拟发现，快速移动的大气兰姆波推动了更早的海平面上升，而与太平洋水深变化相关的领先波散射产生了随后持久的海啸。
晚于通常预期的传播时间到达的海啸是由各种波组成的，这些波来自移动和静态源，使得这次喷发引发的海啸比普通地震引发的海啸更复杂，持续时间更长。
▲ Abstract：
On 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha‘apai volcano erupted, producing tsunamis worldwide including first waves which arrived more than 2 hours earlier than what is expected for conventional tsunamis. We investigated the generation and propagation mechanisms of the tsunami “forerunner,” and our simulation found that fast-moving atmospheric Lamb waves drove the leading sea height rise whereas the scattering of the leading waves related to bathymetric variations in the Pacific Ocean produced subsequent long-lasting tsunamis. Tsunamis arriving later than the conventionally expected travel time are composed of various waves generated from both moving and static sources, which makes the tsunami, due to this eruption, much more complex and longer-lasting than ordinary earthquake-induced tsunamis.
Atmospheric waves and global seismoacoustic observations of the January 2022 Hunga eruption, Tonga
汤加火山喷发的大气波和全球地震声学观测
▲ 作者：ROBIN S. MATOZA, DAVID FEE, JELLE D. ASSINK, THOMAS LECOCQ, SIDDHARTH KRISHNAMOORTHY, DAVID C. WILSON, etc.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo7063
▲ 摘要：
2022年1月15日，汤加洪加火山爆发，其大气爆发的规模在现代地球物理记录中尚不存在。这一事件产生了广泛的大气波，由各种地基和星载测量网络在全球范围内观测到。最突出的是表面引导的兰姆波（0.01赫兹），作者观察到其在6天内绕地球传播了4圈（外加3圈）。
根据兰姆波振幅的测量，汤加火山高潮喷发的规模与1883年喀拉喀托火山爆发的规模相当。该火山爆发产生了显著的全球探测到的次声（0.01 - 20赫兹）、远程（1万公里左右）可听到的声音和电离层扰动。世界各地的地震仪记录了纯地震波和空对地耦合波。空海耦合可能导致海啸快速抵达。作者强调了对大气波的异常观测。
▲ Abstract：
The 15 January 2022 climactic eruption of Hunga volcano, Tonga, produced an explosion in the atmosphere of a size that has not been documented in the modern geophysical record. The event generated a broad range of atmospheric waves observed globally by various ground-based and spaceborne instrumentation networks. Most prominent was the surface-guided Lamb wave (0.01 hertz), which we observed propagating for four (plus three antipodal) passages around Earth over 6 days. As measured by the Lamb wave amplitudes, the climactic Hunga explosion was comparable in size to that of the 1883 Krakatau eruption. The Hunga eruption produced remarkable globally detected infrasound (0.01 to 20 hertz), long-range (~10,000 kilometers) audible sound, and ionospheric perturbations. Seismometers worldwide recorded pure seismic and air-to-ground coupled waves. Air-to-sea coupling likely contributed to fast-arriving tsunamis. Here, we highlight exceptional observations of the atmospheric waves.
古气候Paleoclimate
Cenozoic evolution of deep ocean temperature from clumped isotope thermometry
从块状同位素测温看新生代深海温度的演化
▲ 作者：A. N. Meckler, P. F. Sexton, A. M. Piasecki, T. J. Leutert, J. Marquardt, M. Ziegler, and S. M. Bernasconi
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abk0604
▲ 摘要：
过去的气候可能为地球如何应对持续气候变暖提供重要线索。作者对底栖有孔虫使用结块同位素测温法，重新解释了过去6500万年深海温度记录。
他们发现，深海的温度普遍比之前的研究显示的更高，更多变。该研究结果有助理解在大陆冰盖最小时期，深海温度对大气二氧化碳浓度、气候敏感性和海洋结构的响应。
▲ Abstract：
Past climates may hold important clues about how the planet might respond to ongoing climate warming. Meckler et al. use clumped isotope thermometry on benthic foraminifera to reinterpret the record of the deep ocean temperature over the past 65 million years. They found that deep ocean temperatures were generally higher and more variable than earlier work suggests. Their results have implications for our understanding of deep sea temperature responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, climate sensitivity, and ocean structure during times of minimal continental ice.
Tectonic degassing drove global temperature trends since 20 Ma
构造脱气驱动了2000万年以来的全球气温趋势
▲ 作者：TIMOTHY D. HERBERT, COLLEEN A. DALTON, ZHONGHUI LIU, ANDREA SALAZARWEIMIN SI, AND DOUGLAS S. WILSON
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl4353
▲ 摘要：
为什么新生代的长期全球变冷趋势会被中新世中期几百万年的变暖中断？Herbert等人重建了全球海洋地壳生产，表明构造脱气的碳可以解释过去2000万年的大部分长期冰盖和全球温度演变。这些结果进一步支持了海底扩散速度可以控制全球气候变化的观点。
▲ Abstract：
Why was the long-term global cooling trend of the Cenozoic interrupted by a several-million-year interval of warming during the middle of the Miocene? Herbert et al. present a reconstruction of global ocean crustal production to show that tectonic degassing of carbon can account for most of the long-term ice sheet and global temperature evolution for the past 20 million years. These results provide further support for the idea that sea floor spreading rates can control global changes in climate.
化学Chemistry
Locking volatile organic molecules by subnanometer inorganic nanowire-based organogels
纳米线基有机凝胶锁定挥发性有机分子
▲ 作者：SIMIN ZHAN, WENXIONG SHI, AND XUN WANG
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm7574
▲ 摘要：
挥发性有机分子之间的分子间作用力通常比水弱，使它们更难被吸收。作者通过简单的室温反应制备了碱土阳离子桥接多金属氧酸纳米团簇亚纳米线。纳米线可以形成三维网络，有效捕获10多种挥发性有机液体，纳米线的质量分数低至0.53%，获得了一系列独立的、弹性的、稳定的有机凝胶。
作者制备了以千克为单位封装有机液体的凝胶。通过蒸馏和离心去除凝胶中的溶剂，纳米线可以回收10次以上。该方法可用于有机液体的有效捕集和回收。
▲ Abstract：
The intermolecular forces among volatile organic molecules are usually weaker than water, making them more difficult to absorb. We prepared alkaline earth cations–bridged polyoxometalate nanoclusters subnanometer nanowires through a facile room-temperature reaction. The nanowires can form three-dimensional networks, trapping more than 10 kinds of volatile organic liquids effectively with the mass fraction of nanowires as low as 0.53%. A series of freestanding, elastic, and stable organogels were obtained. We prepared gels that encapsulate organic liquids at the kilogram scale. Through removing solvents in gels by means of distillation and centrifugation, the nanowires can be recycled more than 10 times. This method could be applied to the effective trapping and recovery of organic liquids.
生命科学Life Science
Pleiotropic effects of trans-regulatory mutations on fitness and gene expression
反式调控突变对适合度和基因表达的多效性影响
▲ 作者：PTRA VANDE ZANDE, MARK S. HILL, AND PATRICIA, J. WITTKOPP
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abj7185
▲ 摘要：
新的突变将遗传变异引入一个种群，如果遗传变化持续下去，它们可以为进化变化提供原材料。多效性，即因突变而改变的性状数量，通常被认为会影响突变经受时间考验的概率。
作者现在提供了一个框架，通过实证确定和比较影响TDH3基因在酵母中表达的顺式和反式调控突变的多效应来验证这些假设。他们发现，反调控突变确实具有更多的多效性和更有害的影响。
▲ Abstract：
New mutations introduce genetic variation into a population, and if the genetic changes persist, they can provide raw material for evolutionary change. Pleiotropy, or the number of traits altered by a mutation, is often assumed to affect the probability that a mutation survives the test of time. Vande Zande et al. now provide a framework with which to test such assumptions by empirically determining and comparing the pleiotropic effects of cis- and trans-regulatory mutations affecting expression of the TDH3 gene in yeast. They found that trans-regulatory mutations do indeed have more pleiotropic effects and are more deleterious. —LMZ and DJ
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