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中级微观经济学知识结构图
Microeconomics 微观经济学|
Word |
Definition |
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Microeconomics 微观经济学 |
The study of the behaviour of individuals or groups within an economy, typically within a market context 研究个人或群体在经济中的行为，通常是在市场背景下。 |
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Basic Economic Problem 基本经济问题 |
Resources have to be allocated between competing uses because wants are infinite whilst resources are Scarce 资源必须在相互竞争的用途之间分配，因为需求是无限的，而资源是稀缺的。 |
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Choice 选择权 |
Economic choices involve the alternative uses of scarce resources 资源必须在相互竞争的用途之间分配，因为需求是无限的，而资源是稀缺的。 |
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Economic goods 经济物品 |
Goods which are scarce because their use has an opportunity cost 稀缺的商品，因为其使用有机会成本。 |
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Free Goods 免费商品 |
Goods which are unlimited in supply and which therefore have no opportunity cost
供应无限，因此没有机会成本的物品。 |
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Margin 极限 |
A point of possible change 可能发生变化的一个点 |
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Needs 必需品 |
The minimum which is necessary for a person to survive as a human being 一个人作为人的生存所必需的最低限度的东西。 |
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Opportunity Cost 机会成本 |
The benefits foregone of the next best alternative 下一个最佳选择所放弃的利益。 |
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Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) 生产可能性边界（PPF） |
A curve which shows the maximum potential level of output of one good given a level of output for all other goods in the economy 在经济中所有其他商品的产出水平下，显示一种商品的最大潜在产出水平的曲线。 |
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Scarce Resources 稀缺资源 |
Resources which are limited in supply so that choices have to be made about their use 供应有限的资源，因此必须对其使用做出选择。 |
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Wants 欲望 |
Desires for the consumption of goods and services 对商品和服务的消费欲望。 |
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Capital Productivity 资本生产力 |
Output per unit of capital employed 每单位资本的产出 |
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Division Of Labour 劳动分工 |
Specialisation by workers 工人的专业化 |
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Factors Of Production 生产要素 |
The inputs to the production process: land, which is all natural resources; labour, which is the workforce; capital, which is the stock of manufactured resources used in the production of goods and services; enterprise, individuals seeking out profitable opportunities for production and taking risks in attempting to exploit these 生产过程的投入：土地，即所有自然资源；劳动，即劳动力；资本，即用于生产商品和服务的人造资源存量；企业，即寻求有利可图的生产机会并在试图利用这些机会时承担风险的个人。 |
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Fixed Capital 固定资本 |
Economic resources such as factories and hospitals which are used to transform working capital into goods and services 经济资源，如工厂和医院，用于将营运资本转化为商品和服务 |
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Human Capital 人力资本 |
The value of the productive potential of an individual or group of workers. It is made up of the skills, talents, education and training of an individual or group and represents the value of future earnings and production 一个人或一群工人的生产潜力的价值。它由个人或群体的技能、才能、教育和培训组成，代表了未来收入和生产的价值。 |
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Labour Productivity 劳动生产率 |
Output per worker 每个工人的产出 |
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Market 市场 |
Any convenient set of arrangements by which buyers and sellers communicate to exchange goods and services 任何方便的安排，买家和卖家通过这些安排来交换商品和服务。 |
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Non-renewable Resources 不可再生资源 |
Raw materials, such as coal or oil, which once exploited cannot be replaced 原材料，如煤或石油，一旦被开采就不能被替代。 |
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Non-sustainable Resources 不可持续的资源 |
Resources which are being economically exploited in such a way that it is being reduced over time 在经济上被开采的资源，随着时间的推移，它的数量会减少。 |
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Primary Sector 初级部门 |
Extractive and agricultural industries 采掘业和农业 |
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Productivity 生产力 |
Output per unit of input employed 每单位投入的产出 |
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Profits 利润 |
The reward to the owners of a business. It is the difference between a firm’s revenues and its costs 对企业所有者的回报。它是企业收入与成本之间的差额。 |
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Renewable Resources 可再生资源 |
Raw materials, such as fish stocks or forests, which can be exploited over and over again because they have the potential to be reproduced 原材料，如鱼群或森林，可以反复利用，因为它们有可能被复制。 |
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Secondary Sector 第二产业 |
Production of goods, mainly manufactured 商品的生产，主要是制造业 |
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Specialisation 专业化 |
A system of organisation where economic units such as households or nations are not self-sufficient but concentrate on producing certain goods and services and trading the surplus with others 一种组织系统，其中家庭或国家等经济单位不是自给自足，而是集中生产某些商品和服务，并与其他单位交易剩余的产品。 |
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Stakeholders 利益相关者 |
Groups of people which have an interest in a firm, such as shareholders, customers, suppliers, workers, the local community and government 与公司有利益关系的群体，如股东、客户、供应商、工人、当地社区和政府。 |
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Sustainable Resource 可持续资源 |
Renewable resources which are being economically exploited in such a way that they will not diminish or run out 可再生资源，在经济上被开发，不会减少或耗尽。 |
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Tertiary Sector 第三产业 |
Production of services 服务的生产 |
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Utility 实用性 |
The satisfaction derived from consuming a good 从消费商品中获得的满足感 |
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Welfare 福利 |
The well-being of an economic agent or group of economic agents 一个经济主体或一组经济主体的福祉 |
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Working/Circulating Capital 营运/循环资本 |
Resources which are in the production system waiting to be transformed into goods or other materials before being finally sold to the consumer 处于生产系统中的资源，在最终出售给消费者之前等待转化为商品或其他材料。 |
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Base Period 基准期 |
The period, such as a year or a month, with which all other values in a series are compared 诸如一年或一个月的时期，一个系列中的所有其他数值都与之相比。 |
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Index number 指数 |
An indicator showing the relative value of one number to another from a base of 100. It is often used to present an average of a number of statistics 显示一个数字对另一个数字的相对价值的指标，以100为基数。它经常被用来表示一些统计数据的平均值 |
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Nominal Values 名义值 |
Values unadjusted for the effects of inflation (i.e. values at current prices) 未对通货膨胀的影响进行调整的数值（即按当前价格计算的数值）。 |
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Real Values 实际值 |
Values adjusted for the effects of inflation (i.e. values at constant prices) 根据通货膨胀的影响进行调整的数值（即按不变价格计算的数值）。 |
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Ceteris Paribus 等价交换 |
The assumption that all other variables within the model remain constant whilst one change is being considered 假设模型中的所有其他变量保持不变，同时考虑一种变化。 |
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Equilibrium 均衡 |
The point where what is expected or planned is equal to what is realised or actually happens 预期的或计划的与实现的或实际发生的相等的点。 |
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Law 法则 |
A theory or model which has been verified by empirical evidence 经由经验证据验证的理论或模型。 |
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Normative Economics 规范性经济学 |
The study and presentation of policy prescriptions involving value judgements about the way in which scarce resources are allocated 对涉及稀缺资源分配方式的价值判断的政策处方的研究和介绍。 |
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Normative Statement 规范性声明 |
A statement which cannot be supported or refuted because it is a value judgement 不能被支持或反驳的声明，因为它是一种价值判断。 |
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Partial And General Models 局部模型和一般模型 |
A partial model is one with few variables whilst a general model has many 局部模型是一个只有少数变量的模型，而一般模型则有许多变量。 |
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Positive Economics 积极的经济学 |
The scientific or objective study of the allocation of resources 对资源分配的科学或客观研究。 |
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Positive Statement 积极的声明 |
A statement which can be supported or refuted by evidence 一个可以用证据支持或反驳的声明。 |
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Static And Dynamic Models 静态和动态模型 |
A static model is one where time is not a variable. In a dynamic model, time is a variable explicit in the model 静态模型是指时间不是一个变量。在动态模型中，时间是模型中明确的一个变量。 |
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The Scientific Method 科学方法 |
A method which subjects theories or hypotheses to falsification by empirical evidence 使理论或假说受到经验证据的证实的方法。 |
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Theory Or Model 理论或模型 |
A hypothesis which is capable of refutation by empirical evidence 能够被经验证据反驳的假说。 |
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Command Or Planned Economy 指挥性或计划性经济 |
An economic system where government, through a planning process, allocates resources in society 政府通过计划过程在社会中分配资源的经济体系。 |
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Economic System 经济体系 |
A complex network of individuals, organisations and institutions and their social and legal interrelationships 一个由个人、组织和机构及其社会和法律关系组成的复杂网络。 |
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Free-market Economy 自由市场经济 |
An economic system which resolves the basic economic problem through the market mechanism 一种通过市场机制解决基本经济问题的经济体系。 |
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Mixed Economy 混合经济 |
An economy where both the free-market mechanism and the government planning process allocate significant proportions of total resources 自由市场机制和政府规划过程都能分配总资源的重要比例的经济。 |
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Consumer Surplus 消费者盈余 |
The difference between how much buyers are prepared to pay for a good and what they actually pay 购买者准备为某种商品支付的费用与他们实际支付的费用之间的差异。 |
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demand curve 需求曲线 |
The line on a price-quantity diagram which shows the level of effective demand at any given price 价格-数量图上显示任何给定价格下有效需求水平的线条。 |
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Demand Or Effective Demand 需求或有效需求 |
The quantity purchased of a good at any given price, given that other determinants of demand remain unchanged 在其他需求决定因素不变的情况下，在任何给定的价格下购买某种商品的数量。 |
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Individual Demand Curve 个人需求曲线 |
The demand curve for a single consumer, firm or other economic unit 一个消费者、公司或其他经济单位的需求曲线。 |
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Market Demand Curve 市场需求曲线 |
The sum of all individual demand curves 所有单个需求曲线的总和。 |
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Shift In The Demand Curve 需求曲线的移动 |
A movement of the whole demand curve to the right or left of the original caused by a change in any variable affecting demand except price 由于影响需求的任何变量（价格除外）的变化而使整个需求曲线向右或向左移动。 |
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Individual Supply Curve 单个供应曲线 |
The supply curve of a single producer 单个生产者的供应曲线。 |
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Market Supply Curve 市场供应曲线 |
The supply curve of all producers within the market. In a perfectly competitive market it can be calculated by summing the supply curves of individual producers 市场内所有生产者的供给曲线。在一个完全竞争的市场中，它可以通过将各个生产者的供应曲线相加来计算。 |
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Producer Surplus 生产者盈余 |
The difference between the market price which firms receive and the price at which they are prepared to supply 企业获得的市场价格与他们准备供应的价格之间的差额。 |
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Supply 供应 |
The quantity of goods that suppliers are willing to sell at any given price over a period of time 在一段时期内，供应商愿意以任何特定价格出售的商品数量。 |
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Equilibrium Price 均衡价格 |
The price at which there is no tendency to change because planned purchases (i.e. demand) are equal to planned sales (i.e. supply) 由于计划购买（即需求）与计划销售（即供应）相等而不存在变化趋势的价格。 |
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Excess Demand 超额需求 |
Where demand is greater than supply 需求大于供给的情况。 |
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Excess Supply 过量供应 |
Where supply is greater than demand 供应大于需求的地方。 |
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Market Clearing Price 市场清算价格 |
The price at which there is neither excess demand nor excess supply but where everything offered for sale is purchased 既不存在过剩需求也不存在过剩供应的价格，但所有出售的东西都被购买。 |
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Competitive Demand 竞争性需求 |
When two or more goods are substitutes for each other 当两种或两种以上的商品相互替代时。 |
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Complement 补充物 |
A good which is purchased with other goods to satisfy a want 为满足某种需求而与其他商品一起购买的商品。 |
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Composite Demand 复合需求 |
When a good is demanded for two or more distinct uses 当一种商品被要求用于两种或两种以上的不同用途时。 |
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Derived Demand 派生需求 |
When the demand for one good is the result of the demand for another good 对一种商品的需求是对另一种商品需求的结果 |
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Joint Demand 联合需求 |
When two or more complements are bought together 当两个或更多的互补品被一起购买时 |
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Joint Supply 联合供应 |
When two or more goods are produced together, so that a change in supply of one good will necessarily change the supply of the other good(s) 当两种或两种以上的商品一起生产时，一种商品的供应变化必然会改变其他商品的供应。 |
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Substitute 替代物 |
A good which can replace another to satisfy a want 一种可以替代另一种商品以满足某种需求的商品。 |
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Elastic Demand 弹性需求 |
Where the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1. The responsiveness of demand is proportionally greater than the change in price. Demand is infinitely elastic if price elasticity of demand is infinity 当需求的价格弹性大于1时，需求的反应性就会按比例大于价格的变化。如果需求的价格弹性为无穷大，则需求是无限弹性的。 |
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Inelastic Demand 无弹性需求 |
Where the price elasticity of demand is less than 1. The responsiveness of demand is proportionally less than the change in price. Demand is infinitely inelastic if price elasticity of demand is zero 当需求的价格弹性小于1时，需求的反应性按比例小于价格的变化。如果需求的价格弹性为零，则需求是无限无弹性的。 |
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Price Elasticity Of Demand 需求的价格弹性 |
The proportionate response of changes in quantity demanded to a proportionate change in price 需求量的变化对价格的比例变化的反应。 |
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Unitary Inelasticity 单一的无弹性 |
Where the value of price elasticity of demand is 1. The responsiveness of demand is proportionally equal to the change in price 当需求的价格弹性值为1时，需求的反应性与价格的变化成正比。 |
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Cross-price Elasticity Of Demand 交叉价格需求弹性 |
A measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded of one good to a change in price of another good. It is measured by dividing the percentage change in quantity demanded of one good by the percentage change in price of the other good 衡量一种商品的需求量对另一种商品的价格变化的反应能力。用一种商品的需求量变化百分比除以另一种商品的价格变化百分比来衡量。 |
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Income Elasticity Of Demand 需求的收入弹性 |
A measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in income. It is measured by dividing the percentage change in quantity demanded by the percentage change in income 衡量需求量对收入变化的反应能力。用需求量变化的百分比除以收入变化的百分比来衡量。 |
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Price Elasticity Of Supply 供应的价格弹性 |
A measure of the responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price. It is measured by dividing the percentage change in quantity supplied by the percentage change in price 衡量供应量对价格变化的反应能力。它的测量方法是用供应量变化的百分比除以价格变化的百分比。 |
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Giffen Good 吉芬商品 |
A special type of inferior good where demand increases when price increases 一种特殊的劣质商品，当价格上涨时，需求也随之增加。 |
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Income Effect 收入效应 |
The impact on quantity demanded of a change in price due to a change in consumers’ real income which results from this change in price 价格变化对需求量的影响，其原因是消费者的实际收入因价格变化而发生了变化。 |
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Inferior Good 劣质商品 |
A good where demand falls when income increases (i.e. it has a negative income elasticity of demand) 收入增加时需求下降的商品（即需求的收入弹性为负）。 |
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Normal Good 正常商品 |
A good where demand increases when income increases (i.e. it has a positive income elasticity of demand) 当收入增加时，需求增加的商品（即它的收入需求弹性为正）。 |
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Substitution Effect 替代效应 |
The impact on quantity demanded due to a change in price, assuming that consumers’ real incomes stay the same (i.e. the impact of a change in price excluding the income effect) 假设消费者的实际收入保持不变，价格变化对需求量的影响（即价格变化的影响不包括收入影响）。 |
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Direct Tax 直接税 |
Levied directly to an individual or organisation. Generally paid on incomes 直接向个人或组织征收。一般是按收入支付的 |
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Indirect Tax 间接税 |
Usually levied on the purchase of goods and services. It represents a tax on expenditure 通常在购买商品和服务时征收。它是一种支出税 |
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Specific Tax 具体税种 |
A type of indirect tax. It is charged as a fixed amount per unit of a good. (Example: Excise Tax) 一种类型的间接税。它以每单位商品的固定金额收取。(例如：消费税） |
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Ad Valorem Tax 从价税 |
Charged as a percentage of the price of a good. (Example: VAT) 按商品价格的一个百分比收取。(例如：增值税） |
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Subsidy 补贴 |
A grant provided by the government, to encourage suppliers to increase production of a good or service, leading to a fall in its price 由政府提供的补助，以鼓励供应商增加商品或服务的生产，从而导致其价格下降。 |
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Allocative Or Economic Efficiency 分配或经济效率 |
Occurs when resources are distributed in such a way that no consumers could be made better off without other consumers becoming worse off 当资源的分配方式是，如果没有其他消费者变得更差，就不会有消费者变得更好的情况发生。 |
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Dynamic Efficiency 动态效率 |
Occurs when resources are allocated efficiently over time 当资源随着时间的推移被有效分配时发生。 |
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Market Failure 市场失灵 |
Occurs when the price mechanism causes an inefficient allocation of resources; the forces of demand and supply lead to a net welfare loss in society 当价格机制导致资源的无效率配置时发生；需求和供应的力量导致社会的净福利损失。 |
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Externalities 外部因素 |
Those costs or benefits which are external to an exchange. They are third part effects ignored by the price mechanism 这些成本或利益是交换的外部因素。它们是被价格机制忽略的第三部分效应。 |
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Productive Efficiency 生产效率 |
Is achieved when production is achieved at lowest cost 当生产以最低成本实现时，就达到了生产效率。 |
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Static Efficiency 静态效率 |
Occurs when resources are allocated efficiently at a point in time 当资源在某个时间点上被有效分配时，就会出现这种情况。 |
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Technical Efficiency 技术效率 |
Is achieved when a given quantity of output is produced with the minimum number of inputs 当用最少的投入生产出一定数量的产出时，就能实现技术效率。 |
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External Costs 外部成本 |
May occur in the production and the consumption of a good or service. (i.e. pollution) 可能发生在商品或服务的生产和消费过程中。(即污染）。 |
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Private Costs 私人成本 |
Costs internal to the firm, which it directly pays for 公司内部的成本，由其直接支付。 |
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Social Costs 社会成本 |
By adding private costs to external costs we obtain social costs 通过将私人成本与外部成本相加，我们得到社会成本 |
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External Benefits 外部利益 |
May occur in the production and consumption of a good or service. (i.e. recycling) 可能发生在商品或服务的生产和消费过程中。(即回收利用) |
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Private Benefits 私人利益 |
The revenue that a firm obtains from selling a good or service 企业通过销售商品或服务获得的收入。 |
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Social Benefits 社会效益 |
By adding private benefits to external benefits we obtain social benefits 通过将私人利益与外部利益相加 我们得到了社会效益 |
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Free Rider 搭便车 |
A person or organisation which receives benefits that others have paid for without making any contribution themselves 一个人或组织接受了别人支付的利益，而自己却没有做出任何贡献。 |
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Merit Good 功利性物品 |
A good which is underprovided by the market mechanism. A demerit good is one which is overprovided by the market mechanism 一种市场机制提供不足的物品。劣质品是指由市场机制提供过多的物品。 |
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Private Good 私人物品 |
A good where consumption by one person results in the good not being available for consumption by another 一个人的消费导致另一个人无法消费的物品。 |
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Public Good Or Pure Public Good 公共物品或纯公共物品 |
A good where consumption by one person does not reduce the amount available for consumption by another person and where once provided, all individuals benefit or suffer whether they wish to or not 一个人的消费不会减少另一个人的消费数量，而且一旦提供，所有的人都会受益或受害，不管他们是否愿意。 |
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Quasi-public Good Or Non-pure Public Good 准公共物品或非纯公共物品 |
A good which may not possess perfectly the characteristics of being non-excludable but which is non-rival 一种可能不完全具备非排他性的特征，但又是非竞争性的物品。 |
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Commodities 商品 |
Raw materials used in the production of goods 用于生产商品的原材料 |
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Principal-agent Problem 委托-代理问题 |
Occurs when the goals of principals, those standing to gain or lose from a decision, are different from agents, those making decisions on behalf of the principal 当委托人的目标，即那些从决策中获得或失去利益的人，与代理人，即那些代表委托人做决策的人的目标不同时，就会出现这种情况。 |
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Symmetric Information 对称信息 |
Where buyers and sellers have access to the same information 买家和卖家可以获得相同的信息。 |
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Asymmetric Information 不对称信息 |
Where buyers and sellers have different amounts of information 买家和卖家拥有不同数量的信息 |
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Buffer Stock Schemes 缓冲库存计划 |
A scheme whereby an organisation buys and sells in the open market so as to maintain a minimum price in the market for a product 一个组织在公开市场上进行买卖，以维持产品在市场上的最低价格的计划。 |
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Government Failure 政府失灵 |
This occurs if government intervention leads to a net welfare loss. 如果政府干预导致了净福利损失，就会出现这种情况。 |
