(a)词形不变,词性改变
例如:work, study, water, plant等可以用作动词(工作,学习,浇水,种植),也可以用作名词(工作,学习,水,植物).
(b)一些动词在词尾加上-er或-or之后就变成了表示"某一类人"的名词
例如:work—worker, teach—teacher, sing—singer, jump—jumper, play—player, learn—learner, visit—visitor, invent—inventor,collect—collector等.
注意:1)以不发音的e结尾的动词,在词尾加-r.
例如:drive—driver, write—writer等.
2)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-er 例如：run—runner, win—winner,begin—beginner等.
(c)在动词词尾加上-ment 变成名词
例如:achieve—achievement (成就)
advertise—advertisement//advertising(广告) agree—agreement
disgree—disagreement amuse—amusement (娱乐) improve—improvement(争吵) commit(奉献)—commitment develop—development (发展)
depart—department (局,部) govern(统治)—government(政府)
manage—management (管理) equip—equipment (装备)
有些单词比较特殊,需把动词后的e去掉再加ment. 例如:argue—argument(争论)
(d)在动词词尾加上-(t)ion/(s)ion变成名词
例如: attract—attraction; instruct—instruction;
invent—invention discuss—discussion; express—expression educate—education; graduate—graduation; operate—operation (去e再加"ion")
compete—competition; organize—organization (把e改成其他字母再加"tion") decide—decision conclude—conclusion (把de改为s再加"ion")
describe—description描写,描绘 (这是特例,不规则变化)
(e)在动词词尾加上-ance变成名词 例如: appear—appearance (外貌;出现) perform—performance (演出) accept—acceptance (接受)
(f)在动词词尾加-ing变成名词 (方法与动词变为现在分词的方法相同)
例如:meet—meeting build—building wait—waiting bathe—bathing say—saying(谚语) mean—meaning end —ending train —training wash—washing
注意:以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ing
如:swim—swimming shop—shopping begin—beginning
(g)其他一些比较特殊的变化
例如: Beg(乞讨)—beggar(乞丐) behave(行为举止)—behavior know(知道)—knowledge(知识) fly—flight (飞行)
heat (加热)—heat(热量) hit (撞击)—hit( 轰动一时的人或物,碰撞) mix (混合)—mixture(混合物) press(按,压)—pressure(压力) sit(坐)—seat (座位) succeed—success(成功) tour—tour(旅游)/ tourist (游客)
动词变形容词
(a)动词后面加able,以e结尾的动词则去e加able,表示具有此性质,特点或属性. 例如:
afford－affordable；
love－lovable；
(b)动词变化为其分词形式，例如：
- 加ing
当这类动词加上ing时，表示的是事物的一个特征，可以翻译为“令人……的“加ed
此时表示事物受到特定刺激后的一种感受，可以翻译为”感到……的“”受到……的“
与之类似的还有很多词汇，今天我们就来一起看一下：
1. amaze: v. 使大为惊奇amazing：adj. 令人惊诧的，惊人的；令人惊喜的 It's amazing that no one else has applied for the job.竟然没有其他人去应聘这项工作，真让人惊诧。amazed：adj. 十分惊奇的，惊愕的 She was amazed at how calm she felt after the accident. 事故发生后她是如此镇定，这让她自己都觉得惊奇。
2. annoy： v. 烦扰，打搅，使烦恼annoying：adj. 讨厌的，恼人的 It's really annoying when a train is late and there's no explanation. 火车误点而又不作任何解释，这很令人恼火。annoyed：生气的，烦恼的 I was so annoyed with him for turning up late. 他姗姗来迟，我很生气
3. astonish：v. 使吃惊；使惊讶astonishing：adj. 令人惊讶的；惊人的 Her first novel enjoyed an astonishing success. 她的第一部小说取得了惊人的成功。astonished：adj. 感到震惊的；觉得惊骇的 I was astonished to see Miriam there. 我很吃惊地发现米里亚姆竟然在那儿。
4. confuse：v. 使困惑，使糊涂；使混乱confusing：adj. 令人困惑的; The instructions are really confusing. Could you help me with them, please? 这些使用说明太让人费解了。你能帮我看一下吗？confused：adj. 感到困惑的 I'm a bit confused. Was that her husband or her son she was with? 我有些糊涂。跟她在一起的是她丈夫还是她儿子？
5. convince：v. 使某人信服;convincing：adj. 令人信服的; The end of the book wasn't very convincing. 我觉得电影的结局难以令人信服。convinced：adj. 感到信服的 I'm convinced (that) she is lying. 我确信她在撒谎。
6. delight：v. 使某人高兴;delighting(delightful)：adj. 愉快的；吸引人的；有趣的 Our new neighbours are delightful. 我们的新邻居很有趣。delighted：感到高兴的 I was delighted at/by your news. 你带来的消息让我很高兴。
7. depress：v. 使忧郁，使沮丧depressing：adj. 令人低落(沮丧)的; This weather is so depressing. 我发现这样的天气让人感到十分压抑。depressed：感到沮丧的 He seemed a bit depressed about his work situation. 他似乎对自己的工作状况有些沮丧。
8. disappoint: v. 使某人失望;disappointing： adj. 令人失望的; The response to our advertisement has been somewhat disappointing. 人们对我们这个广告的反应有些令人失望。disappointed：adj. 感到失望的 We were deeply disappointed at/about the result. 我们对这个结果深感失望。
9. discourage：v. 使某人泄气;discouraging：adj. 令人泄气的;discouraged：adj. 感到泄气的 I think he felt discouraged because of all the criticism he'd received. 我觉得他挨了那么多批评已经心灰意冷了。
10. disgust：v. 使人厌恶;disgusting：adj. 令人厌恶的; Passengers were kept for three hours in a disgusting waiting room. 乘客被迫在令人厌恶的候车室里等了好几个小时。disgusted：adj. 反感的，厌恶的，憎恶的 She was disgusted at the way they treated their children.
11. embarrass：v. 使人尴尬;embarrassing：adj. 令人尴尬的; It's embarrassing to be caught telling a lie. 说谎被人当场识破是件很尴尬的事情。embarrassed：adj. 感到尴尬的 She felt embarrassed about undressing in front of the doctor. 在医生面前脱衣服让她觉得很尴尬。
12. encourage：v. 使有勇气;encouraging：adj. 令人鼓舞的; There was a lot of positive feedback, which was very encouraging. 正面的反馈信息纷至沓来，非常振奋人心。encouraged：adj. 感到鼓舞的 She felt encouraged by their promise of support. 他们承诺支持她，这使她感到备受鼓舞。
