“Eukaryotic cells are the cells that contain a membrane bound nucleus and organelles.”
"真核细胞是指含有被膜包裹的细胞核和细胞器的细胞。"
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane and form large and complex organisms. Protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals all have eukaryotic cells. They are classified under the kingdom Eukaryota.
真核细胞有一个封闭在核膜内的细胞核，并形成大型和复杂的生物体。原生动物、真菌、植物和动物都有真核细胞。它们被归入真核生物界。
They can maintain different environments in a single cell that allows them to carry out various metabolic reactions. This helps them grow many times larger than the prokaryotic cells.
它们可以在一个细胞中保持不同的环境，使它们能够进行各种代谢反应。这有助于它们比原核细胞大很多倍。
Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells 真核细胞的特点- Eukaryotic cells have the nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane.
- The cell has mitochondria.
- Flagella and cilia are the locomotory organs in a eukaryotic cell.
- A cell wall is the outermost layer of the eukaryotic cells.
- The cells divide by a process called mitosis.
- The eukaryotic cells contain a cytoskeletal structure.
- The nucleus contains a single, linear DNA, which carries all the genetic information.
真核细胞有封闭在核膜内的细胞核。
细胞有线粒体。
鞭毛和纤毛是真核细胞中的运动器官。
细胞壁是真核细胞的最外层。
细胞通过一个称为有丝分裂的过程进行分裂。
真核细胞包含一个细胞骨架结构。
细胞核包含一个单一的、线性的DNA，它携带所有的遗传信息。
Plasma Membrane 浆膜
- The plasma membrane separates the cell from the outside environment.
浆膜将细胞与外界环境分开。
- It comprises specific embedded proteins, which help in the exchange of substances in and out of the cell.
它由特定的嵌入式蛋白质组成，有助于物质进出细胞的交换。
Cell Wall 细胞壁
- A cell wall is a rigid structure present outside the plant cell. It is, however, absent in animal cells.
细胞壁是存在于植物细胞外的一种刚性结构。然而，在动物细胞中却没有这种结构。
- It provides shape to the cell and helps in cell-to-cell interaction.
它为细胞提供形状并帮助细胞间的相互作用。
- It is a protective layer that protects the cell from any injury or pathogen attacks.
它是一个保护层，保护细胞免受任何伤害或病原体的攻击。
- It is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, proteins, etc.
它由纤维素、半纤维素、果胶、蛋白质等组成。
cytoskeleton 细胞骨架
The cytoskeleton is present inside the cytoplasm, which consists of microfilaments, microtubules, and fibres to provide perfect shape to the cell, anchor the organelles, and stimulate the cell movement.
细胞骨架存在于细胞质内，由微丝、微管和纤维组成，为细胞提供完美的形状，固定细胞器，并刺激细胞运动。
Endoplasmic Reticulum 内质网
It is a network of small, tubular structures that divides the cell surface into two parts: luminal and extraluminal.
它是一个小的、管状结构的网络，将细胞表面分为两部分：管腔和管腔外。
Nucleus 细胞核
- The nucleoplasm enclosed within the nucleus contains DNA and proteins.
封闭在细胞核内的核质含有DNA和蛋白质。
- The nuclear envelop consists of two layers- the outer membrane and the inner membrane. Both the membranes are permeable to ions, molecules, and RNA material.
核包膜由两层组成--外膜和内膜。这两层膜对离子、分子和RNA物质都是可渗透的。
- Ribosome production also takes place inside the nucleus.
核糖体的产生也发生在细胞核内。
Golgi Apparatus 高尔基体
- It is made up of flat disc-shaped structures called cisternae.
高尔基体由扁平的圆盘状结构组成，被称为蓄水池。
- It is absent in red blood cells of humans and sieve cells of plants.
它在人类的红血球和植物的筛状细胞中没有。
- They are arranged parallel and concentrically near the nucleus.
它们平行和集中地排列在细胞核附近。
- It is an important site for the formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
它是形成糖蛋白和糖脂的一个重要场所。
Ribosomes 核糖体
These are the main site for protein synthesis and are composed of proteins and ribonucleic acids.
这些是蛋白质合成的主要场所，由蛋白质和核糖核酸组成。
Mitochondria 线粒体
- These are also known as “powerhouse of cells” because they produce energy.
这些也被称为 "细胞的动力室"，因为它们产生能量。
- It consists of an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The inner membrane is divided into folds called cristae.
它由一个外膜和一个内膜组成。内膜被分割成褶皱，称为嵴膜。
- They help in the regulation of cell metabolism.
它们有助于调节细胞的新陈代谢。
Lysosomes 溶酶体
They are known as “suicidal bags” because they possess hydrolytic enzymes to digest protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
它们被称为 "自杀袋"，因为它们拥有水解酶来消化蛋白质、脂类、碳水化合物和核酸。
Plastids 质体
These are double-membraned structures and are found only in plant cells. These are of three types:
这些是双膜结构，只在植物细胞中发现。它们有三种类型：
- Chloroplast that contains chlorophyll and is involved in photosynthesis.
叶绿体含有叶绿素，参与光合作用。
- Chromoplast that contains a pigment called carotene that provides the plants yellow, red, or orange colours.
染色体含有一种叫做胡萝卜素的色素，为植物提供黄色、红色或橙色的颜色。
- Leucoplasts that are colourless and store oil, fats, carbohydrates, or proteins.
白质体是无色的，储存油、脂肪、碳水化合物或蛋白质。
Eukaryotic Cell Diagram 真核细胞示意图Eukaryotic cell diagram mentioned below depicts different cell organelles present in eukaryotic cells. The nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes are clearly mentioned in the diagram.
下面提到的真核细胞图描述了真核细胞中存在的不同细胞器。图中明确提到了细胞核、内质网、细胞质、线粒体、核糖体和溶酶体。
The eukaryotic cells divide during the cell cycle. The cell passes through different stages during the cycle. There are various checkpoints between each stage.
Quiescence (G0) 静止期（G0）
This is known as the resting phase, and the cell does not divide during this stage. The cell cycle starts at this stage. The cells of the liver, kidney, neurons, and stomach all reach this stage and can remain there for longer periods. Many cells do not enter this stage and divide indefinitely throughout their lives.
Interphase 中间阶段
In this stage, the cells grow and take in nutrients to prepare them for the division. It consists of three
checkpoints:
Gap 1 (G1) – Here the cell enlarges. The proteins also increase.
Synthesis (S) – DNA replication takes place in this phase.
Gap 2 (G2) – Ther cells enlarge further to undergo mitotic division.
Mitosis 有丝分裂
Mitosis involves the following stages:
- Prophase
- Prometaphase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis
On division, each daughter cell is an exact replica of the original cell.
Eukaryotic cells are exclusively found in plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, and other complex organisms. The examples of eukaryotic cells are mentioned below:
真核细胞专门存在于植物、动物、真菌、原生动物和其他复杂的生物体中。下面提到真核细胞的例子：
Plant Cells 植物细胞
The cell wall is made up of cellulose, which provides support to the plant. It has a large vacuole which maintains the turgor pressure. The plant cell contains chloroplast, which aids in the process of photosynthesis.
细胞壁由纤维素组成，为植物提供支持。它有一个大的液泡，可以维持腹胀压力。植物细胞含有叶绿体，有助于光合作用的进行。
Fungal Cells 真菌细胞
The cell wall is made of chitin. Some fungi have holes known as septa which allow the organelles and cytoplasm to pass through them.
细胞壁是由几丁质构成的。一些真菌有被称为隔膜的孔，允许细胞器和细胞质通过它们。
Animal Cells 动物细胞
These do not have cell walls. Instead, they have a cell membrane. That is why animals have varied shapes. They have the ability to perform phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
这些细胞没有细胞壁。相反，它们有一个细胞膜。这就是为什么动物有不同的形状。它们有能力进行吞噬和针吞作用。
Protozoa 原生动物
Protozoans are unicellular organisms. Some protozoa have cilia for locomotion. A thin layer called pellicle provides supports to the cell.
原生动物是单细胞生物。一些原生动物有纤毛用于运动。一层称为细胞膜的薄层为细胞提供支持。
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