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涉外合同内容英文
英文国际商事合同结构
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第一节 国际商事合同的首部
(non-operative part of an international commercial contract)
第一 合同当事人的基本信息,如合同当事人的名称(姓名)、国籍、住所;
第二 合同签订的基本信息,如合同签订的日期、地点、目的。
一 导入部分(Non-operative part)
1合同的封面
2合同标题(title of the contract)
页眉:合同的名称
页脚: 页码(第几页,共几页)
3 合同编号
目录contents
4 签约日期(the date of signing of the contract)
签字日(date of execution)
“订立日”(“As of” date)
生效日(effective date)
在草拟合同时,通常日期先空出不写,等最后一版供双方签署的时候再写上。
约定合同生效日期早于签字日期:This AGREEMENT shall be effective retroactively to September 1,2008.
约定合同生效日期晚于签字日期:This AGREEMENT shall take effect on the date of , 2008.
注意美国英文的年月日表达与英国年月日
时间的表达方式:2007年3月12日
12March07,12.03.2007, 12.03.07, 2007.03.12, 03.12.07, 120307
5 签约地点( the place of signing of the contract)
6 合同当事方的名称(the corporate or personal names of the parties to the contract)
合同当事方的名称第一次在合同中出现一定要写全称,只有在后面重复出现时才能用简称,如甲方、乙方;买方、卖方;许可方、被许可方。Hereinafter referred to as Party A or Party B;the Buyer or the Seller;the Licensor or Licensee)。
合同当事人是法人的,应写上主要机构所在地、法律上的名称、法人的种类和公司设立的准据法。(核对营业执照,公司登记证)。在国际贸易中,当事人大多为股份有限公司,法律上规定股份有限公司在公司结尾之后,英国加上Limited或Ltd.,美国加上Corporation,Incorporation或Inc. 。
Company 与corporation的区别
1 corporation规模大于Company,但也例外:Boeing Company ; Shell Oil Company
2 company在使用上比corporation广
3 在我国,翻译国有大企业使用corporation的居多. 一般企业翻译成company.
4 Inc. PLC LIC 谨慎使用.
按照中国现行的法律规定,在中国注册成立的企业都只有中文名称,其英文名称是未经注册的非正式名称。把中英文名称都写上把营业执照注册号写上
7 合同当事人的地址; 注册地址( 联系地址); Registered office注册地
Principal office主营业地
(离岸公司 offshore company)
二 说明条款
1 鉴于条款(whereas clause)Whereas本义是When in fact, considering that, that being the case.
记载内容属于既定事实
“意思表示禁反语”(estoppel by representation)
背景条款(background): 说明过去的情况
例句:
“鉴于许可方拥有 专有技术的所有权,有权设计、生产、安装以及进行销售;
Whereas the Licensor has the right and desires to transfer the above-signed know-how to the Licensee;
鉴于许可方有权且愿意将以上专有技术转让给受让方;
Whereas the Licensor possesses know-how for the designing, manufacturing, installing and marketing of ;
鉴于受让方愿意使用许可方的专有技术进行设计、生产、销售以及出口
Whereas the Licensee desires to design, manufacture, sell and export by using Licensor’s know-how.
因此,根据以上情况及双方的意愿,经受让方与许可方协商,达成如下合同条款
Therefore, in consideration of the premises and the mutual conveniences, through consultation, agree to enter into this contract under the terms and conditions set forth as follows:”
中国式的鉴于条款
双方本着平等互利的原则,经友好协商,同意按照相关法律以及本合同的条款
After friendly consultations conducted in accordance with the principles of equality and mutual benefit, the Parties have agreed to ( describe subject matter of contract) in accordance with application laws and the provisions of this Contract.
2 缘由recitals;recitals = whereas clause consideration
NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows…
兹特立约为据,并由订约双方协议如下
KNOW ALL MEN by these presents that…
相当于说: "by posting this properly in a public place in accordance with the law it is safe for me to assume that everyone in the whole world know the following"
根据本文件,特此宣布
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS:
This AGREEMENT, entered into by and among the following and hereunder listed, namely:
第二节 国际商事合同的正文
operative part of an international commercial contract
Habendum
国际商事合同的正文是记载合同当事人各方具体权利、义务的地方,它是由条款(clause)组成的。条款是合同的最小单位。英文合同使用的单位可能有“article”、“section”、“paragraph”,甚至还可以分“sub-section”、“sub-paragraph”。
合同条款排列
章(chapter)A,B,C
节/条(article/section/clause):1,2,3
段/款: (paragraph/subsection/subclause)(1),(2),(3)使用款时,其以下内容必须构成一段文章
项: (subparagraph) (a),(b),(c)
目/号: (I),(ii),(iii)号是自身不能构成一段文章的句子。
Section 10.5 = 第10条第5款
Section 1.2.6.10(A)(a) 直接翻译为第1.2.6.10(A)(a) 条
标题Headings
关于合同条款使用的标题的法律效力:
合同条款使用的标题名称仅为阅读方便而设的,其本身不是合同协议的一部分。不影响其临近条款或该条款规定的解释。
The headings of the various sections and subsections hereof are for convenience of reference only, do not constitute a part hereof and shall not affect the nearing or construction of any provision hereof.
一 规定合同必须履行的债务内容的条款
1 各种合同共通的条款
定义条款( definition clauses)
该条款是对国际商事合同中重复出现的有特殊意义的名词、概念,做专门的解释,避免在理解上发生争议。如写:“本合同中下列词语的含义为”(For the purpose of this Contract, the following terms have the following meanings)。
“除从上下文理解明显带有其它意思之外,在本合同中以下概念的意思如下:”
In this Agreement the following terms have the following meaning unless the context clearly requires otherwise:。
定义条款要注意的问题:
1 不要把具体权利义务作为定义加以规定,因为定义条款的目的是解释术语的含义,而不是操作性的合同条款。
2 要避免循环定义,即在两个术语的定义中相互援引。
Third Party means a party other than a Party to this Contract.
3 如果一个词语的通常含义就足以表达其意思,就没有必要在合同中进行定义。
Calendar Day means any day on the Gregorian calendar.
中文没有大小写, 可以用黑体、斜体或引号表示。
如PRC
Means the People’s Republic of China( for the purpose of this Agreement, not including the Hong Kong, Macau Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan).
合同期间条款(duration)
合同期间指合同生效期及终止期,这是合同必须明确的内容。如果没有特别表示,生效期一般根据合同整体的解释,推测当事人的意思而确定,通常指最后一方当事人在合同书上签名的日子,如果这个日子不明确,则以合同的制作日期为准。如果合同要在一定条件下才能生效,一定要写明。合同到期会自动失效,如需更新,一定要明确写明更新手续及延长期限。
本合同从中国政府批准之日起生效,合同期限为5年。
(This Agreement comes into force on the date on which it approved by the Chinese Government and continues for five years.)
在合同期届满前6个月,甲方可向乙方发出书面通知,将本合同再续期3年。
(On the expiry of the period X may continue this Agreement for further three years by six month’ prior written notice to Y)
通知条款
在一定情况下,合同一方在一定行为发生之前有义务向另一方发出通知。该条款要写明:收件人地址:如果通知的收件人地址与当事人的住址不一致,一般选择最适合当事人收到通知的地点。
通知的方法:一般是航空信件或挂号航空信件。通知的生效时间:要明确是在通知发出时,还是在通知收到时。
Any notice,request, consent, offer or demand required or permitted to be given in this Agreement,must be in writing and must be sufficiently given if delivered in person or sent by registered airmail or by fax or telex confirmed by registered airmailed letter.
Notice is deemed to have been given on the date of mailing except the notice of change of address which is deemed to have been given when received.
终止条款(termination clause)
所有有期限的合同都应该有个终止条款。该条款可以规定一个期限或日期为合同自动终止。该条款也应规定单方面提前终止的情况。
This contract is valid until December 31,2008 and will be automatically renewed for another year provided that there has been no earlier written termination of the contract by either party.
我国合同法第91条:“有下列情形之一的,合同的权利义务终止”
(In any of the following situations, the rights and obligations under a contract shall be terminated)
(一) 债务已经按照约定履行;(liabilities have all been met as contracted)
(二) 合同解除;(the contract is dissolved)
(三) 债务相互抵消;( liabilities are offset against each other)
(四) 债务人依法将标的物提存;(the debtor has deposited the targeted matter according to law)
(五) 债权人免除债务;( the creditor grants exemption from liabilities)
(六) 债权债务同归于一人;( both creditor’s rights and liabilities are undertaken by one same person)
(七) 法律规定或者当事人约定终止的其他情形。( other situations as provided for by law or stipulated by the parties)
转让债权/接受债务条款( assignment)
1 转让合同的权利
一般规定,只要对债务人没有不利影响,债权人可把权利转让给第三方。如果要禁止这种转让,应在合同中写明。
我国合同法第79条:债权人可以将合同的权利全部或者部分转让给第三人,但有下列情形之一的除外:
(一) 根据合同性质不得转让;
(二) 按照当事人约定不得转让;
(三) 依照法律规定不得转让。
2 接受合同的义务
法律一般规定,没有债权人的同意不许接受合同的义务。但债务人可以把合同中应履行的义务委托给第三方。如果要禁止这种委托关系,须在合同中约定(如翻译合同)。
我国合同法第84条:债务人将合同的义务全部或者部分转移给第三人的,应当经债权人同意。
例句:Neither Party shall, without the prior written consent of the other Party, assign any of its rights or delegate any of its duties under this Contract to any third party.
二 履行合同过程中出现问题时的处理条款
解除合同的条款
对于违约行为,只要满足一定的必要条件,不管合同中有无约定,当事人一方都可以行使合同解除权,没有必要在合同中写明。但问题是满足什么条件适用合同解除权。
三 合同出现变更时的处理条款
不可抗力条款(force majeure clause)
Force Majeure= superior force:extraordinary events independent of the parties`s will that cannot be foreseen or averted by them due diligence,being beyond their control and preventing the contracting party from fulfilling the obligation undertaken in the contract。
1 应明确约定不可抗力的范围和种类
确定不可抗力的范围有三种方式,即概括式,列举式,和综合式。
2 应约定不可抗力事件发生后,责任方通知对方的方式、时限以及出具不可抗力事件证明文件的方式等。
3 确定不可抗力事件所引起的法律后果。
情事变更(rebus sic stantibus)一词,依其拉丁原文之字义,乃指“情事如此发生”之意思。
2009年5月生效的《中华人民共和国合同法》若干问题解释(二)(以下简称《合同法》解释(二))第26条明确了有关情事变更原则的规定,即合同成立以后客观情况发生了当事人在订立合同时无法预见的、非不可抗力造成的不属于商业风险的重大变化,继续履行合同对于一方当事人明显不公平或者不能实现合同目的,当事人请求人民法院变更或者解除合同的,人民法院应当根据公平原则,并结合案件的实际情况确定是否变更或者解除。
第三节 国际商事合同的尾部(closing clauses)
合同的尾部,也称合同最后条款(final clause)或俗称“housekeeping provision”。(扫尾条款),也可用“Miscellaneous)来表示。
一 合同的文本数量、合同使用文字和效力(language in which the contract is to be written and its validity)
“本合同正文一式两份,分别以中文和英文书写,两种文本具有同等效力。若对其解释产生异议,则以中文为准”。
(This Contract is made out in two originals,each copy written in Chinese and English languages, both texts being equally valid. In case of any divergence of interpretation, the Chinese text shall prevail.)
This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts. Each counterpart shall be deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument.
本协议文本可同时签署两份或多份副本。每一副本应视为一份原件,所有副本一起应构成唯一同一文件。
原件 original
副本 counterpart copy duplicate
一式双份 in duplicate
一式三份 in triplicate
一式四份 in quadruplicate
一式五份 in quintuplicate
一式六份 in sextuplicate
一式七份 in septuplicate
一式八份 in octuplicate
一式九份 in nonuplicate
一式十份 in decuplicate
二 结尾语(Attestation)
In Witness Whereof, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be duly executed and delivered as a deed, as of the day and year first above written.
本合同由被授权之人,于本序文所记载日期,代表双方当事人缔结之,特此为证。
三 盖章、签字testimonium
双方当事人都是法人,以盖章的形式,盖公司的公章(corporate seal 或 common seal),此时需要公司的一名董事和秘书在盖公章时作为证人签字署名。
双方当事人都是自然人一般以签名的形式。自然人没有必要盖本人姓名的图章。英国一般在署名的后面贴上豆沙颜色的圆形小纸片;美国则在签字的后面写上“Seal”或“L.S.”(Locus sigilli=place of the seal)等字样。
英式合同:签字页在正文、附录和附件之后。
美式合同:签字页在正文与附录、附件之间。
本合同将在双方授权代表签字后正式生效
This Contract shall come into force after the signatures by the authorized representatives of both parties。
In witness whereof the respective representatives have signed the present agreement and have affixed thereto their seals
(双方代表在本协议书签字盖章,以昭信守。
根据《中华人民共和国合同法》第32条规定:“当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的,自双方当事人签字或盖章时合同成立。”
If the parties enter into a contract in the form of a contract instrument, the contract is executed at the time when both parties put their signatures or affix their seals thereto.
Attest是副署,没有副署合同也照样生效。合同当事人签字时在场的任何人都可以签Attest。
合同当事人可使用本人的姓名,姓名开头字母,及一切曾经使用过的、可证明书面上意思表示的形象。
分公司需要总公司授权;加盖骑缝章;每一页小签( initial )(在法律上没有约束力)
四 合同生效条件
根据我国合同法的规定,中国的法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、登记等手续的合同,自获得批准、登记时,方为成立。因此,有些合同需规定:
自签字之日起 天内本合同应经有关部门批准后生效
This Contract shall be approved by the relevant authorities within days to become effective。
After this contract is signed by the duly authorized representatives of both parties,both parties shall submit the contract to their government or Board of Directors for approval. The date when the later party obtains the approval shall be taken as the effective date of the contract. Both parties shall attempt to get the contract approval within 60 days from signing and notify by telex or cable the other party of the approval which is confirmed by the following registered air-mail letter.
五 合同附件(Schedules, Exhibits, Appendices or Annexes)
附件、附表可使合同正文井然有序,通俗易懂。
Schedules(附表)可以并入合同中的附件;exhibit可以单独编订。
本合同第 章 列出的附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分
The annexes as listed in Article to this Contract shall form an integral part of this Contract。
设立附件是为了行文方便,而不是贬损其法律约束力.
If there is any conflict between this CONTRACT and its APPENDICES, this CONTRACT shall prevail.
第四节 杂项条款(Miscellaneous)
一 “时间重要条款”( time is of the essence clause)
“ Time is of the essence in regard to the performance dates required in Paragraphs . Failure to perform on such dates will be considered a material breach of the contract, permitting the other party to terminate the agreement”
该条款的作用是将可能被认为是微小的错误变为实质违约。
二 最终性条款(合并条款merger clause)
This agreement sets forth the entire agreement and understanding between the parties as to the subject matter of this agreement and merges and supersedes all prior discussions,agreement,and understandings of any and every nature between them,and neither party shall be bound by any condition,definition, warranty or representation other than as expressly provided for in this agreement,or as may be on a subsequent date duly set forth in writing and signed by a duly authorized officer of the party to be bound.
本合同是记载关于本合同目的双方当事人的全部协议,它吸收了本合同缔结前双方当事人之间的所有讨论、协定及理解。任何其他条件、定义、保证或表示,如不是合同当事人双方在合同中的明记事项,或本合同签订后承担义务一方的当事人由有权限的董事签名记载的内容以外,都将不受本合同约束,没有任何法律效力。
三 完整合同条款entire agreement
英文合同中的完整合同条款是说明当事人关于本合同所约定的全部事项已经悉数寄走到合同中,其余本合同外的任何书面或口头的约定概不作数。
Entire Agreement完整合同
This Agreement with Exhibits embodies the entire agreement and understanding between the parties hereto and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings relation to the subject matter hereof.
本协议及其附件包含本协议完整协议和磋商,取代以前所有与本协议有关的协议和磋商。
This agreement contains the entire understanding of the parties. It may not be changed orally. This agreement may be amended or modified only in writing that has been executed by both parties hereto.
四 可分离条款Severability
避免合同因某个条款无效而导致整个合同无效.
Each section, part,term, and provision of this agreement shall be considered severable. If, for any reason, any section, part, term, or provision of this agreement is determined to be invalid and contrary to, or in conflict with, any existing or future law or regulation of a court or agency having valid remaining portions, sections , parts, terms, or provisions of this agreement, and the latter will continue to be given full force and effect and bind the parties to this agreement. The invalid section, part, term, or provision shall be deemed not to be a part of this agreement.
本协议每章、节、条、款应被认为是可分离的。如果出于某种原因,本协议任何一章、节、条、款被认定为无效或与有管辖权法院或机构的现行或将来的法律法规发生矛盾或冲突,则该裁决不得损害或影响本协议其余部分、章、节、条、款的适用,且后者继续完全有效对本协议双方均有约束力。无效的章、节、条、款应视为不再是本协议的一部分。
不弃权条款No Waiver
No waiver of any term, provision or condition of this Agreement, the breach or default thereof, shall be deemed to be either a continuing waiver or a waiver of a subsequent breach or default of any such term, provision or condition of this Agreement.
对本协议任何条款,无论对条件的放弃、或对其违约或不履行的放弃,不得视为持续性放弃,也不视为对本协议任何违约条款规定或条件后续违约或不履行的放弃。
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