我们在学习的时候,总会发现小品词真是令人头疼的事情。比如wake up sb的up就是副词,而go up the stairs的up就是介词。再比如我们都知道宾语的位置规则是“名词随便放、代词放中间”,但为什么look for it的it就放在了后边?
要是这些问题,你都有疑问,那这篇文章正好适合你。
基本定义正式开讲前,有一些术语,我需要先解释一下。
小品词Longman English Grammar (by L. G. Alexander) 对于小品词有如下定义。
Certain words, such as in, off, up, function either as prepositions or as adverb particles. When such words are followed by an object, they function as prepositions; when there is no object, they are adverb particles.
preposition: The children are in the house.
adverb: The children have just gone in.
所以,根据这个定义我们能够知道,有些短小的词既是介词又是副词,怎么区别?就看后面有没有宾语。有宾语的就是介词,没有宾语的就是副词。
为什么这么定义?
我们要知道语法的本质。语法是用来解释句子现象的。是先有的句子,然后有的语法。古代人没有语言学家,古代人只会按照约定俗成的习惯去使用。所以,后来的语言学家为了解释“明明是一样的in”,有的在前面,有的在后面,因此发明了介词和副词两个定义,这样就好区分了。
仅做介词的小品词
比如:at、for、from、with、of等
at: look at, stare at, point at等
for: look for, care for, ask for等
from: hear from, descend from, come from等
with: do with, put up with, live with等
这类短语动词同学们一般没有问题。
仅做副词的小品词
Away、back等
away: take away, put away, throw away等
back:give back,come back, pay back
这类短语动词同学们一般没有问题。
既是介词又是副词的小品词
in、up、off、away、down、on、off、out、over、by、through、across、round、before、behind等
in: take in, call in, pull in等
up: wake up, take up, call up等
off: cut off, take off, put off等
这类短语动词迷惑性较大,是同学们易错的重点。也是本篇文章讲解的重点。
划重点:
介词:所有的介词都有方向属性,当小品词包含方向属性的时候,就是介词。介词补语及物动词搭配使用,只与不及物动词搭配使用。翻译成汉语的时候,不及物动词 介词只能翻译出动作,而没有宾语。因此,需要加宾语。
副词:所有的副词都有修饰动词的功能,是让动词处于一个什么状态,小品词副词可以转换为一个ly的副词,理解起来就容易很多。及物动词与不及物动词都可以加副词。下面会展开讲解。
动词动词根据其功能,可以分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类。
及物动词:后面一定要加宾语,否则就不是及物动词。
不及物动词:后面不能加宾语。
还有一类词很特殊,相加就加不想加就不加。这样无组织无纪律的动词,语法学家也给他们分了一个类别叫做“可及物、可不及物”。
比如study这个词。
What are you doing?
I am studying.
这就是不及物。
What are you studying?
I am studying English.
这就是及物。
宾语
宾语就是放在动词身后的词。
可以用作宾语的词主要是名词和代词。本文也主要讨论名词和代词。
好吧,那就正式开始吧!
根据动词(及物与不及物) 小品词(介词与副词)的排列组合,我们有以下几种情况:
及物动词 不加介词:直接加宾语
及物动词 副词:宾语可在中间,可在后边
不及物动词 介词:宾语在介词后
不及物动词 副词:不加介词
一 及物动词
特点:及物动词自己就能直接加宾语,因此不需要加介词。本文主要讨论小品词,因此纯动词不展开讲解,同学们也没有什么问题。
及物动词 名词 介词构成的短语,同学们可以了解一下
- Catch hold of 抓住、占有
The boy took hold of the ladder and began to climb.
- Have confidence in 相信
I have perfect confidence in them.
- Have an edge on 占优势
I have an edge on you in ping-pong.
- Make use of 利用
You must make good use of the opportunity to study.
- Take part in利用
I want to take part in the meeting.
二 及物动词 副词
特点:及物动词即使加了副词,依然是及物动词。所以可以加宾语。这个宾语如果是名词,则名词放在中间或者副词的后面都可以。如果是代词,则代词必须放在中间。
简称是:名词随便放、代词放中间
例句与分析:
- He brought up his children strictly.
= He brought his children up strictly.
(up是副词,表示向上,不是在...上)
- She woke up the children early in the morning.
= She woke the children up early in the morning.
- He took off his coat and went into his bedroom without saying a word.
= He took his coat off and went into his bedroom without saying a word.
- The leader has put off the meeting.
= The leader has put the meeting off .
- He has given up smoking.
= He has given smoking up.
- They cut off the king's head.
= They cut the king's head off.
- I put it down.
不说 I put down it. 因为it是代词,代词只能放在中间。
- We’ll think it over.
不说We’ll think over it. 因为it是代词,代词只能放在中间。
- You can’t take me in like that. 你不能那么欺骗我
不说 You can’t take in me like that. 因为it是代词,代词只能放在中间。
- Give it back to your brother.
不说 Give back it to your brother. 因为it是代词,代词只能放在中间。
三 不及物动词 介词
特点:不及物动词本来不能加宾语,但是借助介词,就可以加宾语。
不及物动词加介词相当于及物动词。这对组合最大的特点就是他们的关系十分亲密,两个词相当于一个词,不能拆分,后面加宾语。名词也行,代词也行,都能放在后面。
- I don’t much care for television.(care for=like)
不能说:I don’t much care television for.
- There must have been an angel watching over me that day. (watch over = protect)
不能说:There must have been an angel watching me over that day.
- If they don’t understand it the first time, go over it again until they do.(go over = review)
不能说:If they don’t understand it the first time, go it over again until they do.
- He asked for permission to leave.(ask for = want或get)
不能说:He asked permission for to leave.
- I can't put up with him any longer.(put up with = bear)
不能说:I can't put up him with any longer.
- He is listening to a radio now. (listen to =see)
不能说:He is listening a radio to now.
- She is looking for her pencil now. (look for = seek)
不能说:She is looking her pencil for now.
- My mother looks after my baby. (look after = raise)
不能说:My mother looks my baby after.
- Some boy spend a lot of time and money running after girls. (run after = chase)
不能说:Some boy spend a lot of time and money running girls after.
四 不及物动词 副词特点:不及物动词加了副词,也不是及物动词。所以,不能加宾语。也就没有名词随便放、代词放中间的规则。
- Something unexpected has turned up.(turn up=appear)
- The car broke down. (break down = crash)
- Cigarette prices are going up.(go up = increase)
- His money ran out. (run out = disappear)
- He sat down and then began to drink water. (sit down = sit)
- The war broke out in 1991. (break out = happen)
- He gets up at 6:00. (get up = arise)
五 有的动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词
- The barrel of gunpowder blew up.不及物
- The soldiers blew up the bridge.及物
- I woke up early this morning. 副词, 短语是不及物动词
- Please wake me up before 6 o’clock tomorrow morning. 及物动词加副词,相当于及物动词。
六 有的小品词既是介词又是副词
- Over
- I will try to get it over with as quickly as possible.(副词 ≈ successfully 或completely),处理完不愉快的事。
- He was upset by her departure, but he soon got over it.(介词,over有从...上面越过的意思),从不快的经历中恢复过来。
- On
- Put your hat on.(副词 ≈ on the head)
- Let’s sit on the grass.(介词,on表示一个方位)
- Up
- He went up in the lift. (副词,向上面去)
- He ran up the stairs. (介词,沿着楼梯向上)
- Before
- He has done this sort of work before.(副词, 他以前干过这种工作。)
- They were here before six.(介词,他们6点之前在这里。 )
- Across
- Put your hands across and tie them together. (副词,用一种across的状态放置你的手。)
- Push the car across the bride. (介词,把车推过这个桥。Across表示一个方向。 )
- Behind
- He is a long way behind. (副词,在后面,不是在...的后面。)
- Peter is behind us. (介词,在...的后面,behind表示与us的位置关系。 )
- Through
- Let me pass through, please. (副词,用through的这个状态穿过。)
- The train passed through the tunnel.(介词,穿越,through表示与tunnel的位置关系。)
- Round
- come round to my house.(副词,用round的这个状态过来。)
- The shop is just round the corner.(介词,贴近,round表示与Corner的位置关系。)
- Around
- The good news soon got around. (副词,用around的这个状态传播。)
- The earth moves around the sun. (介词,围绕,around表示与sun的位置关系。)
再次强调:
① 凡是介词,都有方向性,大多能翻译成“沿着...(引号处加宾语)的方向”
② 凡事副词,都是一种方式,大多能翻译成“用什么方式”“在下面”“在上面”
副词自己就可以完成某个意思,而介词必须借助名词才可以完成某个意思。
①及物动词:只有动作,没有对象,所以需要加一个对象。比如see不知道看的内容是什么。
②不及物动词:往往包含了动作和对象一整套内容。比如run跑和步都包含。Eat吃和饭都包含。
- about
About虽然既是副词,又是介词,但about的副词属性通常等于nearly、almost这样的纯副词。跟动词搭配比较少。
- think about 考虑是否去做(介词,不能分开,后面加宾语)
- talk about 谈论,议论(介词,不能分开,后面加宾语)
- worry about 担心,烦恼(介词,不能分开,后面加宾语)
- come about 发生,产生 (come是不及物动词,about是副词,后面不加宾语)
- across
- come across 偶然遇见或发现(介词,不能分开,后面加宾语)
- against
- struggle against 同……作斗争(介词,不能分开,后面加宾语)
- ahead
- go ahead 走在前面,干吧 (go是不及物动词,ahead是副词,后面不加宾语)
- look ahead 向前看,展望未来(look是不及物动词,ahead是副词,后面不加宾语)
- at
- knock at 敲(介词,不能分开,后面加宾语)
- laugh at 嘲笑(介词,不能分开,后面加宾语)
- arrive at (in) 到达某地(介词,不能分开,后面加宾语)
- away
- get away 逃脱;离开(get是不及物动词,away是副词,后面不加宾语)
- give away 分发(give是及物动词,away是副词,加宾语,名词随便代词中间)
- go away 走开,离去(go是不及物动词,away是副词,后面不加宾语)
- put away 收拾(put是及物动词,away是副词,加宾语,名词随便代词中间)
- take away 拿走(take是及物动词,away是副词,加宾语,名词随便代词中间)
- throw away 扔掉(throw是及物动词,away是副词,加宾语,名词随便代词中间)
- run away 逃跑,失控(run是不及物动词,away是副词,后面不加宾语)
- back
- come back 回来,想起来(come是不及物动词,back是副词,后面不加宾语)
- give back 归还,送回(give是及物动词,back是副词,加宾语,名词随便代词中间)
- keep back 留下(keep是及物动词,back是副词,加宾语,名词随便代词中间)
- get back 返回;回来;回家(get是不及物动词,back是副词,后面不加宾语)
- pay back 偿还借款等(pay是及物动词,back是副词,加宾语,名词随便代词中间)
- ring back 回电话(ring是不及物动词,back是副词,后面不加宾语)
- by
- go by 走过,经过,过去(go是不及物动词,by是副词,后面不加宾语)
- pass by 经过(pass是不及物动词,by是介词,不能分开,后面加宾语)
- down
- break down 损坏(break是及物动词,down是副词,加宾语,名词随便代词中间)
- break down 汽车抛锚(break是不及物动词,down是副词,后面不加宾语)
- Climb down爬下来(climb是不及物动词,down是副词,后面不加宾语)
- Climb down the tree沿着树下爬(climb是不及物动词,down是介词,不能分开,后面加宾语)
- Go down 太阳落山(go是不及物动词,down是副词,后面不加宾语)
- Run down the face沿着脸流下来(run是不及物动词,down是介词,不能分开,后面加宾语)
- get down 降下(get是不及物动词,down是副词,后面不加宾语。朝着down的方向get。)
- put down 记下(put是及物动词,down是副词,加宾语,名词随便代词中间)
- set down 放下(set是及物动词,down是副词,加宾语,名词随便代词中间)
- settle down 定居,平静下来(settle是不及物动词,down是副词,后面不加宾语。朝着down的方向settle。)
- turn down 关小,调低(turn是及物动词,down是副词,加宾语,名词随便代词中间)
- write down 写下,记下(write是及物动词,down是副词,加宾语,名词随便代词中间)
- cut down 砍倒(cut是及物动词,down是副词,加宾语,名词随便代词中间)
- come down 下来,降下,倒下(come是不及物动词,down是副词,后面不加宾语)
其他的若干短语老师就不分析了呦。
我们在分析的时候,只需要把握两点。
① 这个动词是及物的,还是不及物的。只及物和只不及物都容易。有的动词一会儿及物、一会儿不及物很讨厌。
② 这个小品词是代词还是副词。但凡代词后面都要务必加内容。如果不必加内容,就是副词。
实在不行就用大招:我们可以简单的把短语动词翻译成汉语。看看翻译成的汉语是一个动词还是动词 宾语都包括的词。
- 比如:call for,号召。肯定后面需要加宾语。所以我们就加一个名词或代词的宾语即可。此时for肯定是介词。
- 比如:come in,进来。进来不需要加宾语。所以后面什么也不加。这种情况的come只能是不及物动词,in只能是副词。
- 比如:join in,加入。肯定后面需要宾语。所以我们就加一个名词或代词的宾语即可。此时in肯定是介词。
- 比如:take off 起飞。起飞后面不需要宾语,所以后面什么也不加。此时take是不及物动词,off是副词。
- 比如:take off 脱下。脱下肯定需要宾语。所以我们就加一个名词或代词的宾语即可。因为take表示穿衣服脱衣服时是及物动词,所以此时的off肯定是副词。宾语位置名词随便代词中间。
至此,这个小品词的问题,就全部梳理完了。核心来看有这么几点:
1. 不及物动词 小品词:
① 小品词后有宾语(即:小品词需要搭配名词才能构成完整意义),那小品词一定是介词,多含有“沿着...(省略号处需要加名词)的方向”的意思。
② 小品词后没有宾语(即:小品词不需要搭配名词),那小品词一定是副词。副词多含有“在上面、在下面”的含义,不需要搭配名词就可以表示完整的意义。
2. 及物动词 小品词:
① 小品词一定是副词。因为及物动词不需要加介词就可以直接加宾语。
② 宾语的规则是名词随便放、代词再中间。
3. 动词本身既是及物动词又是不及物动词
看翻译即可。如果自身能构成一个完整的意义,那就是不及物动词。如果需要加一个宾语才能构成完整的意义,那就是及物动词。
- work:工作。自己语义完整。所以是不及物动词。短语有work in、work for、work against。这里的小品词都是介词。
- work :计算出、解决了。需要搭配计算出来的内容。所以是及物动词。短语有work out. 这里的out是副词,宾语名词随便放代词放中间。
(完)
作者:王兴刚老师,前高校英语教师,现教育行业创业者,英语教学16年。本头号的日常推文主要包括:关于教育问题的理解与感悟,关于英语知识的梳理和剖析,关于英语考点的讲解与总结。
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