动词的语态有两种:主动语态(the active voice)和被动语态(the passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态示主语是动作的承受者。
如:People speak English all over the world. (the active voice)
English is spoken all over the world. (the passive voice)
一、不同时态被动语态的用法〈一〉一般现在时的被动语态构成: is / am / are 及物动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned every day. 我们教室每天都被打扫。
〈二〉一般过去时的被动语态构成: was / were 及物动词的过去分词A new shop was built last year. 去年修了一座新商店。
〈三〉一般将来时的被动语态构成: will be 及物动词的过去分词A new hospital will be built in our city. 我们城市将要修建一家新医院。
〈四〉 现在进行时的被动语态构成: am / is / are being 及物动词的过去分词Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now. 王叔叔正在修理我的自行车。
〈五>现在完成时的被动语态构成: has / have been 及物动词的过去分词This book has been translated into many languages. 这本书被翻译成多种文字。
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
在许多国家有许多人造卫星被送上了太空。
〈六〉 过去进行时的被动语态构成:was/were being 及物动词的过去分词The new road was being made.这条新路正在修筑。
〈七〉过去完成时的被动语态构成: had been 及物动词的过去分词The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came.
在老师来之前,教室尚未打扫。
〈八〉 将来完成时的被动语态构成:shall/will have been doneThey will have been married for 20 years by then. 届时,他们结婚将满20周年。
〈九〉 含有情态动词的被动语态构成: 情态动词 be 及物动词的过去分词Young trees must be watered often. 小树需要经常浇水。
二、 主动语态改成被动语态的方法1. 先找出谓语动词;
2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语;
3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语;
4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。
例:①Bruce writes a letter every week.
→A letter is written by Bruce every week. 布鲁斯每星期写一封信。
②Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.
→The broken bike was mended by Li Leithis morning. 李雷今天上午在修理坏的自行车。
③ He has written two novels so far.
→Two novels have been written by him so far.至今他已写了两部小说。
④ They will plant ten trees tomorrow. →Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.他们明天将要种植十棵树。
⑤Lucy is writing a letter now.
→A letter is being written by Lucy now.露西正在写信。
⑥You must lock the door when you leave. →the door must be locked when you leave.当你离开的时候你必须把门锁上。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题:① 不及物动词无被动语态:
What will happen in 100 years?一百年里会发生什么事?
② 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
This pen writes well. 这支钢笔很好写。
③感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带to ,但变为被动语态时,须加上to。
(1)Make somebody do something →somebody be made to do something
(2)See somebody do something →somebody be seen to do something
例句:
(1) A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by. →My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. 当一个女孩经过的时候,看到我的钱夹掉了。
(2)The boss made the little boy do heavy work. →The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 这个老板让这小男孩干重活。
③如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)做主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book. →A book was given to me by him. 他给了我一本书。
He showed me a ticket. →A ticket was shown to me by him. 他给我展示了一张票。
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.我父亲给我买了一辆新自行车。
④一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us. 我们不能嘲笑他。
四、 特殊形式的被动语态Get 过去分词也可以构成被动语态,用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如:
The man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。
How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了?
五、被动语态和系表结构的区别1.被动语态表示动作,而系表结构表状态;
The cup was broken by a boy. (被动语态)
The cup is broken. (系表结构)
2.前者可有多种时态,而后者只有一般现在时和过去时;
My bike is being/will be/was repaired.
He is/was interested in his work.
3.被动语态可跟by短语,表动作的执行者;
The dress was made by my mother.
,