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品读外刊
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The color of food can send important messages about its quality.
食物的颜色可以传达关于其质量的重要信息。
Now, many food companies, including McDonald’s and Kellogg’s, say they will stop adding artificial colors to their products.
如今，包括麦当劳和家乐氏在内的许多食品公司表示，他们将停止在产品中添加人工色素。
McDonald’s announced in September that it had removed artificial colors from many of its hamburgers.
今年9月，麦当劳宣布已经从许多汉堡中去除人工色素。
Kellogg’s has promised to remove them from its cereals by the end of this year.
家乐氏已承诺在今年年底前将这些人工色素从谷类食品中去除。
What people accept as a normal color for food can change from place to place and over time.
人们所接受的食物的正常颜色会随着时间和地点的变化而改变。
Until the 1980s, Americans expected pistachio nuts to be red.
直到20世纪80年代，美国人还以为开心果是红色的。
Pistachios were mostly imported from places where the nuts were dyed to cover spots.
开心果大多是从将坚果染色以覆盖斑点的地方进口的。
Now, most pistachios sold in the United States are grown in the U.S. and have natural-colored shells.
现在，大多数在美国销售的开心果都是在美国种植的，外壳是天然色的。
But it is not just processed and boxed foods that create illusions with color.
但是，不仅仅是加工食品和盒装食品会产生色彩错觉。
Many cheddar cheeses contain a substance added called annatto, a plant extract commonly used for coloring.
许多切达干酪都添加了一种叫做红木的物质，这是一种通常用于着色的植物提取物。
Elizabeth Chubbuck, of Murray’s Cheese in New York, said adding color comes from the time when cheesemakers in England took the butterfat from milk to make butter.
纽约墨雷奶酪的伊丽莎白·查巴克表示，添加颜色的历史可以追溯到英国奶酪制造商从牛奶中提取乳脂制作黄油的时代。
The leftover milk was whiter.
剩余的牛奶变更白了。
So, she said, cheesemakers added substances to recreate butterfat’s golden color.
所以，她说，奶酪制造商添加了一些物质来重现乳脂的金色。
Another cheese that sometimes gets color added is mozzarella.
另一种有时添加色素的奶酪是马苏里拉奶酪。
Sara Burnett is director of food policy at Panera Bread.
萨拉·伯内特是帕尼罗面包店食品政策主管。
She said mozzarella sometimes gets its bright white color from titanium dioxide, a common substance taken from nature.
她说，有时，马苏里拉奶酪中添加二氧化钛能得到明亮的白色，二氧化钛是从自然界中提取的一种常见物质。
Cathy Strange buys international cheeses for the food seller Whole Foods.
凯西·斯特兰奇为食品销售商全食公司购买国际奶酪。
She said the whitening is done because most mozzarella made in the U.S comes from cow’s milk, which can have a yellow color.
她说，之所以要增白是因为大多数美国产的马苏里拉都由普通牛奶制成，其牛奶呈黄色。
She said in Italy, mozzarella is sometimes made with milk from water buffalo.
她说，在意大利，马苏里拉奶酪有时是用水牛的牛奶制作的。
The milk is whiter because the animal cannot digest beta carotene, an orange nutrient in many fruits and vegetables.
这种牛奶更白是因为水牛不能消化吸收β-胡萝卜素（水牛会将全部的β-胡萝卜素在肠道分解代谢，很少有β-胡萝卜素被贮存于机体的其他部位），β-胡萝卜素是许多水果和蔬菜中的一种橙色营养物质。
Many cooks think darker egg yolks are fresher or healthier.
许多厨师认为深色的蛋黄更新鲜或更健康。
But the color may be the result of marigold petals, alfalfa or coloring products in food for chickens.
但这种颜色可能是添加了金盏花花瓣、苜蓿或鸡肉食品中色素的结果。
Elizabeth Bobeck is a professor at Iowa State University.
伊丽莎白·博贝克是爱荷华州立大学的教授。
She says that yolk color is mainly caused by the carotenoids that chickens eat.
她说蛋黄的颜色主要是由鸡吃的类胡萝卜素引起的。
Carotenoids are a natural coloring in plants.
类胡萝卜素是一种植物天然色素。
“It’s easy to change yolk colors” by simply changing what chickens eat, she said.
她说，通过简单地改变鸡吃什么，“很容易改变蛋黄的颜色”。
Bobeck added that darker yolks are not necessarily healthier.
博贝克补充说，深色的蛋黄不一定更健康。
This belief may come from the idea that yolks are darker when chickens are fed fresh plants.
这一观点可能来自这样一种说法:用新鲜植物喂养鸡，蛋黄会变暗。
In salmon, a bright pink color is a sign of freshness to those buying the fish.
对于购买三文鱼的人来说，亮粉色是新鲜的标志。
Experts say this is why farmed salmon may have been fed food containing a man-made substance to make the flesh pinker.
专家说，这就是为什么养殖的三文鱼可能被喂食含有人造物质的食物，以使鱼肉变粉红。
The Food and Drug Administration notes that manufacturers have to declare on labeling if non-natural colors were used for salmon.
美国食品和药物管理局指出，如果三文鱼使用非天然颜色，制造商必须在标签上声明。
For example, farmed salmon at Costco Wholesale stores is labeled “color added through feed.”
例如，好市多批发商店养殖的三文鱼被贴上了“通过饲料添加颜色”的标签。
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