任何话题的口译都可能遇到各种复杂的数字。而数字的口译又必须准确无误。对初任口译的人来说,数字的口译往往是一大难点。造成汉英数字互译困难的原因有几个方面:
一个原因是汉语和英语的数字表达方式和四位以上数字的数位分段法不同。汉语数位的个、十、百、千、万、十万、百万、千万、亿、十亿等都是用10的倍数来表达的。汉语四位以上的数字每四位为一段;而英语则每三位为一段。试比较汉英数字段位的不同。
从以上对比中可以看出,英语数词中没有与汉语“万”、“十万”、“千万”、“亿”等相对应的词,这就给汉英数字互译带来很大不便。汉译英时遇到以上数字时,译员必须很快推算出与其相对应的英语数位和表达方式:
英译汉时则要做相反的推算和转换。这样,译员在进行语言转换的同时,要不停地进行数位的推导和换算,脑子活动异常紧张,稍不注意便会出错。
造成汉英数字互译困难的另一个原因是英语有可数和不可数名词之分,在表示与可数和不可数名词相关的不定数字或倍数时,汉英两种语言的表达方式不同。例如:下列几组不定数字的汉语表达方式基本上是一样的,而英语则不同。
很多人(书) many people(books)
很多水(啤酒)much water(beer)
很多人(水) a lot of people (water)
大量的参考书 a large number of reference books
大量有用的信息 a large quantity of useful information
大批的产品(食物) large quantities of products (food)
你要多少(面包)就拿多少。Take as much(bread)as you want.
你要多少(桔子)就拿多少。Take as many (oranges) as you want.
该工厂生产的小轿车(化肥)是上一年的两倍。
The factory produced twice as many cars (as much chemical fertilizer) as that in the precious year.
由此可见,数字的口译的确比较复杂、困难,但还是有一定的规律可循。译员可根据具体情况采取以下做法:
1.三位以内数字的口译
三位以内数字的汉英互译在语言表达上基本一致,各数字都有相应的词,无须推算,只要按英语和汉语的习惯读出数字就行了。请做下列数字互译练习。
用英语朗读下列数字
15—fifteen
20—twenty
35—thirty-five
63—sixty-three
101—one hundred and one
207—two hundred and seven
370—three hundred and seventy
414—four hundred and fourteen
839—eight hundred and thirty-nine
948—nine hundred and forty-eight
2.四位以上数字的口译
四位以上数字的口译较为复杂,因为英汉数字分段方法和表达方式的不同,在译出之前需要进行一番换算。另外,数字互译时,译员要学会记录和分段,这样翻译起来就容易多了。例如,英译汉时,听到英语数字时,特别是较为复杂的数字和系列数字时,立即用阿拉伯数字记录下来,记录的同时按英语数位分段法,从后往前每三位数为一段,用一个逗号分开。这样就会在“thousand”,“million”,“billion”等各数位后分别有一逗号。因为英语数字的分段法正好和阿拉伯数字的分节法相一致,都是三位一段。分段后的数字以逗号为参照,按英汉数字换算规律,第一个逗号前一位译成“千”,前两位译成“万”,前三位译成“十万”;第二个逗号前一位译成“百万”,前两位译成“千万”,前三位译成“亿”;第三个逗号前一位译成“十亿”,这样,依此类推,容易多了。汉译英时,也是把听到的数字用阿拉伯数字记录下来,从后往前,每三位用一逗号分开,然后用英语读出每位数就行了。读时,把握好第一个逗号前的数字读 “x thousand”,第二个逗号前读“x million”,第三个逗号前读“x billion”等规律。每个段位的其它数字按10进规律,依次读为“ten thousand”、“hundred thousand”、“ten million”、“hundred million”……
数字记录可采用各种简便符号或标点。如35,000可记录成“35,—”,用“—”表示“000”,或者只用“35,”表示逗号后有三个“0”。3,000,000可记录成“3,—,—”或者“3,,”。
用英语朗读下列数字:
1,369——one thousand three hundred and sixty-nine
2,010——two thousand and ten
4,705——four thousand seven hundred and five
6,003——six thousand and three
15,600——fifteen thousand six hundred
75,426,391——seventy five million, four hundred and twenty-six thousand, three hundred and ninety-one
564,000,000——five hundred and sixty-four million
1,250,000,000——one billion two hundred and fifty million
3.模糊数字的口译
口译中经常遇到一些模糊数字,如“几个”、“十几个”、“几十个”、“成百上千个”等等。模糊数字的口译虽也有一定的规律,但主要靠平时熟记,用时才能熟练自如,准确无误。注意以下模糊数字的口译
几个——some;a few; several; a number of
两、三个——two or three
五、六个——five or six
十几个——more than ten; over a dozen; less/no morethan twenty
三十来个——about/ around thirty
几十个——dozens of
几十年——decades
十几岁——in one's teens
四十出头——a little/a bit over forty
五十岁左右——more or less fifty (years old); about fifty(years old)
近八十岁了——nearly/almost eighty (years old)
九十好几了——well over ninety (years old)
五点左右——around five o’clock
三天左右——three days or so
大约150米处——somewhere about 150 meters
好几百——hundreds of
成千上万,千千万万——thousands of
几十万——hundreds of thousands of
几百万——millions of
亿万——hundreds of millions of
4、百分数、小数、分数的口译
8%——eight percent
15%——fifteen percent
42%——forty-two percent
4.35%——four point three five percent
0.5%——point five percent
4.032——four point naught three two
71.006——seventy-one point naught naught six
1/2——one half; a half
1/3——one third
1/4——a quarter
3/5——three-fifths
7/8——seven-eighths
1/10——one-tenth
1/100——one-hundredth;one percent
1/1000——one-thousandth
14/1000——fourteen-thousandths
1/10000——one-ten thousandths
2-1/2——two and a half
4-2/3——four and two-thirds
5. 增/减倍数的口译
英汉倍数的表达有相似之处,也有不同。英汉互译时要特别注意不同的英语句型和表达方法所表示的倍数概念与汉语不同。英语用times 表示倍数。无论在何种句型中都表示乘的关系,即包括基数在内的倍数。请注意以下表示倍数的英语句型及其含义:
A is N times larger(longer,heavier…)than B.
A is larger(longer,heavier…)thanB by N times.
A is N times as large(long,heavy…)as B.
这三句英语的含义都是“A的大小(长度、重量……)是B的N倍”,或者“A比B大(长、重……)N-1倍”。
根据以上规律,请看下面英语句子的汉译:
(1) The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
地球的大小是月球的49倍。(或地球比月球大48倍)
(2) Since mid-century, the global economy has nearly quintupled, while the population has doubled, demand for grain hasnearly tripled, and the burning of fossil fuels has increased nearly fourfold.
自本世纪中叶以来,全球经济增长了将近四倍,人口翻了一番。结果,粮食的需求增加了近两倍,石油燃料增加了近三倍。
(3) Within 30 years there will be twice as many urban people as countryside people in the world.
30年内,全世界的城市居民将是农村人口的两倍。
(4) Although London covers less than 400,000 acres, it needs nearly 50 million acre-----125 times its area-----to provide it with food, timber, and other resources, and to absorb its pollution.
虽然伦敦占地不到40万英亩,却需要近5000万英亩的土地——125倍于它本身的面积——来供给它食品,原木和其他资源,并吸收它产生的污染物。
汉语倍数的表示法归纳起来有两类:第一类表示是(原数的)几倍,几倍于(原数)或增加到(原数的)几倍。第二类表示(比原数)大几倍或(比原数)增加了几倍;这两类说法含义不同。第一类表示包括基数在内的倍数,与英语倍数表示法的含义相同。第二类表示净增倍数。因此,汉语倍数的英译首先要区分不同含义,选用恰当的句型,灵活准确地表达。如果用能N times/表示英语的包括基数在内的倍数,那么汉语的第二类表示“增加了几倍”的英译就要用 (N 1) times 来表示。例如:
去年这个公司手机的销量增长了近一倍(为原来的两倍)。
The sales volume of portable phones of this company increased nearly twice last year.
The sales volume of portable phones of this company nearly doubled last year.
汉语增加倍数的说法很多,英译时,首先要仔细区分是包括基数在内的增加倍数还是净增倍数,然后决定用N times 还是(N 1)times来表达。例如:
(1) 过去20年中,中国的国内生产总值增长了近五倍。
In the past 20 years, China’s gross domestic product increased nearly six times.
(2) 1978年至1997年,中国人均生产总值增长了3.4倍。
China’s per capita GDP went up by 4.4 times between 1978 and 1997.
(3) 中国城镇居民人均居住面积由1978年的3.6平方米提高到1997年的8.8平方米,增加1.4倍。
The per capita living space for urban residents in China expanded from 3.6 square meters in 1978 to 8.8 square metersin 1997, a rise of 2.4 times.
(4) 1949年至1998年, 中国的粮食总产量由1.1亿吨增加到5.1亿吨,增长3.5倍,年平均增长3.1%, 是人口增长率的2.5倍。
China's total grain output increased from 110 million tons in 1949 to 510 million tons in 1998, or an increase of over 4.5 times, with an average annual growth rate of 3.1 percent, 2.5 times that of the population growth.
(5) 1997年,全国高等学校在校生总数为608万人,其中研究生18万人,分别是1979年的2.2倍和9.6倍。
In 1997,6.08 million students were studying in colleges and universities, including 180,000 postgraduates, 2.2 times and 9.6 times the figures of 1979 respectively.
由于汉语很少用“减少了若干倍”的说法,而多用“减少了百分之几”或“减少了几成”的说法,因此,减少多用百分数和分数表示。例如:
(1) 由于水灾,去年的收成减少了三成。
Owing to flood, the crop last year was declined by 30 percent.
(2) 该公司的员工裁减了近三分之一,开支减少了四分之一。
The personnel of the company have been reduced nearly by one-third and the expenses by one-fourth.
(3) 1998年,政府机构改革目标实现。国务院下设部门从40个减少到29个,人员减少了近一半。
In 1998,the targets of restructuring governmental institutions were met. Departments underthe State Council were reduced from 40 to 29 and personnel were cut nearly by half.
6.增/减百分比的口译
“增/减了百分之几”英语和汉语的含义一致,都表示净增或净减百分数。英汉增/减百分数的表示法有以下几种:
1) 增/减了……%
increase/rise/grow…%
decrease/drop/fall/sink …%
或者
increase/rise/grow/go up by …%
decrease/drop/fall/go down by …%
例如:
Between 1986 and 1987, Nike's sales dropped18 percent and profits sank by more than 40 percent as a result of competition with Reebok.
与“锐步”鞋业竞争的结果,从1986到1987年, 耐克(鞋)的销售额下降了18%,利润下降了40%多。
(1)By putting out more than one new shoe style everyday on average, in 1995 and 1996,
Nike'ssales and profits grew 71 percent and 80 percent respectively;meanwhile, Nike's closest rival Reebok grew just nine percent in the same period.
靠平均每天推出一个以上新(鞋)款式,1995到1996,耐克的销售额和利润分别上涨了71%和80%。而同期最接近耐克的竞争对手锐步只上涨了9%。
(3) Procter & Gamble just raised priceson its paper products by as much as 8%.
(美国)普罗科特—甘布尔公司刚刚把他们的纸制品价格提高了8%。
(4) Spending on non-durables-----everything from soap flakes to razors to tennis shoes-----rose 30% last year.
去年非耐用品,从皂片、剃须刀到网球鞋的消费上升了30%。
(5) In the fiscal year of 2000, ending on March 30, export slumped 11.3 percent in Taiwan, 10 percent in Thailand, 9.9 percent in South Korea and 2.4 percent in Hong Kong. However, the Chinese mainland posted a respectable 7.5 percent rate in the first quarter.
在3月30日刚刚结束的2000财政年度,台湾的出口猛跌了11.3%,泰国10%、南韩9.9%、香港2.4%。然而,中国大陆却公布了第一季度7.5%的可观增长。
(6) In America, the number of people engaged in farming as their principle of occupation fell to 961,560 in 1997, down 8.7 percent from 1992, while the number between (the age of) 25 to 34 fell 28 percent.
在美国以农业为主要职业的人数1997下降到961,560人,比1992下降了8.7%,而年龄在25到34岁的人数下降了28%。
2) 与……相比,增/减了……%
increase/rise/grow /go up by …%(as) compared with /as against / as opposed to / over…
decrease/drop/fall/go down by …%(as) compared with /as against / as opposed to /over…
例如:
(1) 1999年,普通高校招生规模比上年扩大了47.4%。
Universityand college enrollment in 1999 increased by 47.4 percent over the previous year.
(2) 同1997年相比,1998年工业排污减少了11.6%;家庭排污增加了2.6%。
Compared with 1997, the discharge of industrial wastewater dropped by 11.6 percent, while that of domestic sewage rose by 2.6 percent in 1998.
(3) 因受亚洲金融危机的冲击,1998年中国进出口总额比上年下降0.4%,其中进口总额下降1.5%;出口总额增长0.5%。
As a result of Asian financial crises,China’s total volume of import and export in 1998 dropped by 0.4 percent over the previous year, of which the volume of import went down by 1.5 percent, and the value of export went up by 0.5 percent.
3) 增/减率
be …% increase/ rise /growth…
be …% decrease/drop /decline…
an increase / a rise / a growth rate of …%
a decrease / drop / decline of …%
be …% up /down …
be up / down…%
例如:
1999年,中国外贸出口达1949亿美元,比上年增长6.1%。
China’s total exports reached US$194.9 billion in 1999, a rise of 6.1 percent over the previous year.
1998年,中国全年海外游客入境人数6348万人次,比上年增长10.2%, 国际旅游收入达126亿美元,增长4.4%。
In 1998, China received 63.48 million tourists from overseas, up by 10.2 percent. Income of foreign exchange from tourism reached 12.6 million US dollars, up 4.4 percent.
4) 增/减具体数字的英译也可用 “by” 具体数字来表示
例如:
我国水土流失面积每年以10,000平方公里的速度在扩大。目前,水土流失面积已达367万平方公里,占总土地面积将近38%。
The area of soil erosion in China has been increasing by 10,000 square km. annually to 3.67 million square km. at present,accounting for nearly 38 percent of the total land area.
由于低温多雨的影响, 我国夏粮减产1460万吨。
China's output of summer grain declined by 14.6 million tons due to low temperature and rainy days during the growing period.
汉语增/减百分数的英译还有一些其它表示法,但不管用什么方法,英语的增/减百分数都是净增/减数。
实践是训练数字互译的根本途径。口译教学要集中一段时间专门进行数字口译训练。译员只有经过大量反复的数字口译实践才能掌握英汉数字互译的不同特点和规律,达到数字互译脱口而出,快速、准确的程度。
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