一、语气的分类
语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法或态度。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气三类。
1、陈述语气
表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两面性。
2．祈使语气
表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。
Please lend me your dictionary.请把你的字典借给我用一下。
3、虚拟语气
用来表示所说的不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种假设、愿望或建议等。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。
If I were a bird，I could fly in the air.
如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
二、 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用
包含条件从句的句子称为条件句。条件句分为两类：一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。
如果假设的情况很可能发生，就用真实条件句。
If he has time, he wil come. 如果他有时间，他会来的。
He won’t succeed unless we plan well. 他不会成功的，除非我们计划好。
如果假设的情况发生的可能性不大，则用虚拟条件句。
虚拟条件句分为三种，见下表：
|
假设情况 |
条件从句的谓语形式 |
主句的谓语形式 |
|
与现在事实相反 |
过去式（be的过去式常用were） |
would/should/might/could 动词原形 |
|
与将来事实相反 |
(1) 过去式 (2)should 动词原形 (3)were to 动词原形 |
would/should/might/could 动词原形 |
|
与过去事实相反 |
过去完成时（had 过去分词） |
would/should/might/could 过去分词 |
If he had time now，he would(could，might)go with you.
要是他现在有时间，他会和你一起去的。(与现在事实相反)
If you had come a few minutes earlier，you would(could，might) have met the famous singer.
如果你早来几分钟，你就会见到那个著名歌手了。(与过去事实相反)
If it were to snow this evening，they would not go out.
如果今天晚上下雪，他们就不会出去。(与将来事实相反)
三、几种特殊的虚拟条件从句
1．省略if形式的虚拟语气
在if虚拟条件句中，若省略if，则将should，were，had前置，构成主谓倒装句式。
Had I worked harder，I would have succeeded.
如果我当时努力学习的话，我就会成功的。
Were she my daughter(Should she be my daughter)，
I wouldn't allow her to study abroad.
如果她是我的女儿的话，我就不让她出国学习了。
2．混合虚拟语气
若主句和从句所表示的时间不一致，就构成了混合虚拟语气或错综虚拟语气，此时，主句和从句的时态形式根据实际的时间概念来定。
If she had followed the doctor's words，she would feel better now.
如果当初她听从了医生的建议，现在就会好多了。
3．含蓄虚拟语气
有时候假设的条件不是通过条件从句表达，而是隐含在某些介词短语中，如without...，连词but for，otherwise，or等中。
Without music(＝If there were no music)，the world would be dull.
世界若无音乐将会很枯燥。
I'm really very busy，otherwise I would certainly go there with you.
(otherwise＝if I were not so busy)
我真的是太忙了，不然我就会同你一道去了。
四、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用
1. 动词wish后的宾语从句
表示现在的情况，从句谓语用过去式；
表示过去的情况，从句谓语用过去完成式；
表示将来的情况，从句谓语用＂would/ should/could/might 动词原形＂。
I wish I were ten years younger now. 我希望我现在年轻十岁。
I wish I had met him yesterday. 我昨天能遇到他就好了。
I wish I would be a scientist. 我希望将来成为科学家。
2. 在表示请求、建议、命令、要求等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语用＂should 动词原形＂，should可省略。
常见的这类动词有：suggest，recommend， insist， order， require， advise， demand， command， ask， request，propose等。
He suggested that we (should) be here in time. 他建议我们及时到那儿。
The doctor advised that he (should) change his job. 医生劝他换工作。
3. 在would rather后的宾语从句中，谓语常用过去式来表示现在或将来的情况，用过去完成式表示过去的情况。
I would rather you told me the truth. 我愿意你跟我讲真话。
I would rather you had been present. 我倒愿意你当时在场。
【课后训练】---纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行
1、（2018•北京）They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.
A. drove B.would drive
C. were to drive D. had driven
2、（2018•天津）If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach
A. had caught B. caught
C. have caught D. would catch
3、（2017•江苏） _______ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were B. Were it
C. It was D. Was it
4、（2017•天津） —Do you have Betty’s phone number?
—Yes. Otherwise, I ______able to reach her yesterday.
A. hadn’t been B. wouldn’t have been
C. weren’t D. wouldn’t be
5、 (2016·浙江) Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.
A. had not fallen B. would not fall
C. did not fall D. would not have fallen
6、 (2015 • 安徽）It is lucky we booked a room, or we ______ nowhere to stay now.
A. had B. had had
C. would have D. would have had
7、 (2015 • 重庆）Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway____ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
A. didn’t write B. hadn’t written
C. wouldn’t write D. wouldn’t have written
8、 (2015 • 天津）I wish I ______ at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
A. will be B. would be
C. have been D. had been
9、(2015 • 陕西） Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I as well as her.
A. dance B. will dance
C. had danced D. danced
一、单项填空
1、—It’s amazing that Beijing and Zhangjiakou have won the bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics!
—Sure it is! The government ________ have made great efforts!
A. could B. should
C. might D. must
2、—Do I have to bring my camera tomorrow afternoon?
—I think so. We _______ the Botanical Garden then.
A. will be visiting B. are visiting
C. have visited D. visit
3、 ______ a little earlier, you could have got a copy of his latest book.
A. If you would arrive B. If you arrived
C. Should you arrive D. Had you arrived
4、The film was so moving that we all burst into tears. Never before seen a film like that.
A. had I B. I had C. have I D. I have
5、I ______ have watched that movie — it will give me horrible dreams.
A. needn’t B. shouldn’t C. couldn’t D. mustn’t
6、 We got up early for fear that we ______ miss the early bus.
A. could B. should C. will D. can
7、The headmaster will not permit the change in the course, nor ______ it a thought.
A. does he even given B. he even gives
C. will he even give D. he will even given
8、—You didn’t wait for Tom yesterday.
—Yes, but we ______. He didn’t come.
A. needn’t have B. didn’t need to
C. could have D. should have
9、 Usually before exams, students ______ two minutes to write down their names.
A. are given B. were given C. gave D. give
二、 用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1、I wish that I______________(go) with you to see the film last night.
2、Without electricity，our life____________(be) quite different today.
3、I am a poor man now. If I________(have) money，I______________(buy) a large house.
4、If she had been more careful，she____________________(not make) these mistakes in the exam.
5、I think people__________________(believe) my story if I were not so young.
6、The man insisted that he____________(do) his best and________________(not blame) for the failure.
7、But for the rain，we____________(have) a pleasant journey the other day.
8、If I ________(am) you，I would give that patient a hug.
9、It is raining so heavily. If the rain____________________(stop) this afternoon，we could go out for a walk.
10、All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he__________(be) badly wounded and that he___________(operate) on at once.
11、How I wish every family________(have) a large house with a beautiful garden.
12、If everyone in the country________(know) first aid，many lives would be saved.
13、Tom wishes that he ______________(study) business instead of history when he was in university.
14、—John went to the hospital alone.
—If he________________(tell) me about it，I would have gone with him.
- My father was strict. He requested that I__________________(not watch) television on this week nights.
三、.翻译句子
1、如果他要来的话，他会事先通知我们一声的。
_____________________________________________________________________
2、如果不是天一直下那么多雨的话，庄稼会长得更好。
_____________________________________________________________________
3、真希望有人能告诉我这个秘密。
_____________________________________________________________________
4、我考试没有及格，我多么希望我通过了考试。
_____________________________________________________________________
5、我宁愿不认识他。
_____________________________________________________________________
Grammar: 虚拟语气（Ⅱ）（Subjunctive Mood (Ⅱ)）
1、 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句
在这类条件句中，条件从句中的谓语部分要用过去完成时，即had 过去分词，主句的谓语部分要用＂should/would/could/might have 过去分词＂。 If I’d left sooner, I’d have been on time.
要是我早点动身的话，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了)
If you had taken my advice yesterday, you wouldn’t have failed in the exam.
要是你昨天听从了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格了。
If she had received the present, she should have thanked him.
如果她收到了礼物，她应当向他致谢。
—It rained cats and dogs this morning. I’m glad we took an umbrella.
—Yeah, we would have got wet all over if we __________.
A. hadn’t B. haven’t C. didn’t D. don’t
2、有关虚拟条件句的几种情况
（1）如果虚拟条件从句中有had，were，should时，有时可以把if省略，这时从句要用倒装语序。
Had I met Li Hua, I could had told him. 如果我碰见了李华，我就告诉他了。
Were I you, I would go with them. 如果我是你的话，我就跟他们一起去。
__________ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.
A. Not being B. Had it not been
C. Without being D. Not having been
（2）有些条件句中的主句谓语和从句谓语表示的动作在时间上并不一致，这类句子称为错综时间虚拟条件句。所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，对时态作相应的调整： If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.
要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。
（过去→将来）
If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the movie last night.
如果我是你，我就不会错过昨天的那部电影。（现在→过去）
If Tom should arrive today, he must have started two days ago.
如果汤姆今天到达的话，那他一定在两天前就动身了。（将来→过去）
If we __________ a table earlier, we couldn’t be standing here in a queue.
A. have booked B. booked C. book D. had booked
（3）有时虚拟语气的条件是通过词或短语表示出来的。
A gentleman ( If he had been a gentleman he ) wouldn’t have said so.
一位绅士是不会那样说话的。
Given more time (= If we were given more time ), we would do it better.
如果再给些时间，我们会做得更好。
（4）有些句子虽不含条件从句，但仍用虚拟语气，这类句子称为含蓄条件句。
I would do anything for her. 我愿意为她做任何事。
You might have failed. 你可能会失败。
3、虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用
（1）as if/as though引导的状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气。从句内容与现在事实相反，谓语部分用动词的过去式，be动词常用were；从句内容与过去事实相反，谓语部分用＂had 过去分词＂；表示将来的可能性不大，用＂would/might/could 动词原形＂。但如表示确有某种可能，也可不用虚拟语气。
He talked as if he had been to many places in the world.
他说起话来好像他去过世界上的很多地方。
It looks as if it might rain.
看上去好像要下雨。
Don’t handle the vase as if it __________ made of steel.
A. is B. were C. has been D. had been
（2）在＂It is (high/about) time...＂句型中，其后的从句要用虚拟语气。从句谓语动词常用过去式，也可用＂should 动词原形＂，should不能省略。
It is high time you went there. 你早就该去那儿了。
It is about time we should have dinner. 我们该吃晚饭了。
Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that __________ something instead of just talking.
A. will do B. has done C. do D. did
（3）在＂It is 形容词/名词 that...＂句型中，that引导的从句的谓语部分有时为＂should 动词原形＂，should可以省略。
It is necessary that we (should) be present. 我们出席是有必要的。
It is a pity that Henry (should) be so careless. 真遗憾，亨利竟然这样粗心。
（4）在与表示＂请求、建议、命令、要求＂等意义的词相关的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语部分为＂should 动词原形＂，should可以省略。
It is suggested that he (should) not spend too much time watching TV.
建议他不要花太多时间看电视。
It was ordered that no smoking _________ in the library.
A.be allowed B. would be allowed
C. was allowed D. has been allowed
4、含有责备及批评语气的虚拟语气
＂should/ought to/could/may/might have 过去分词表示＂过去应该做而未做＂的虚拟语气，该结构的否定形式表示＂过去不该做的事情却做了＂，是一种委婉的责备，语气最强的是should，最弱的是might。
（1）表示委婉批评。
用于委婉批评的结构为could/may/might have done，常意为＂本可以做某事而未做＂。
You are late again. You could have come earlier.
你又来晚了，你本该早一些到的。
You’ve made a few mistakes.
You may/might have been a little more careful.
你犯了几个错误，你本应更仔细些的。
—With a little care I _________ the disaster.
—But you were too careless. It is no use crying over split milk, you know.
A.could avoid B. could have avoided
C. must avoid D. must have avoided
|
could have done/been可用来表示推测，意为＂可能已经＂或＂可能是＂，用于表示对过去事情或状况的猜测；也可以表示责备，意为＂本来可以＂，但实际并未发生。如： The accident could have been avoided. 这个事故本来是可以避免的。（责备） My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it? 我的英汉词典不见了。可能是谁拿去了呢?（可能性） |
（2）表示强烈责备。
表示强烈责备常用should/ought to have done结构，意为＂本应该做某事却没做＂。
I have told you many times. You should have done it better.
我已经告诉过你很多遍了，你应该做得更好些。
You shouldn’t have failed this time.
你这次本不该不及格的。
（3）表示本没必要做某事。
＂needn’t have 过去分词＂结构表示＂做了没必要做的事请＂。
You needn’t have told him. He has already known about it.
你本来没必要告诉他的。他已经知道那件事了。
It’s so near. We needn’t have taken a taxi.
这么近，我们当时没有必要坐出租车的。
（4）虚拟语气表示祝愿。表示祝愿时常用动词原形或＂May 主语 动词原形＂结构。
God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！ May you be happy！ 祝你快乐！
（5）动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；若表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would/could have 过去分词；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would/could＋动词原形。 I wish I could be of some use. 我希望我能有什么用处。 We wish he didn’t smoke. 我们希望他不吸烟。 I wish prices would come down. 我希望物价能降下来。
As we move into middle age, we look back and wish that we _________ better choices and taken more opportunities.
A. would make B. made C. had made D. will make
【课后训练】---纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行
1、 （2017·北京）If the new safety system _______ to use, the accident would never have happened.
A. had been put B. were put
C. should be put D. would be put
2、（2016·天津）I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I _________.
A. were injured
B. would be injured
C. had been injured
D. would have been injured
3、（2016·北京）Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week? If you _________ me, I could have helped.
A. told B. had told
C. were to tell D. would tell
4、（2016·浙江）Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths _________ since their highest in 2005.
A. had not fallen B. would not fall
C. did not fall D. would not have fallen
5、（2015·江苏）It might have saved me some trouble _________ the schedule.
A. did I know B. have I known
C. do I know D. had I known
6、（2015·北京）If I _________ it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it.
A. didn’t see B. weren’t seeing
C. wouldn’t see D. hadn’t seen
7、（2015·天津）I wish I _________ at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
A. will be B. would be
C. have been D. had been
8、（2015·重庆）Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway _________ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
A. Didn’t write B. hadn’t written
C. wouldn’t write D. wouldn’t have written
一、 单项填空
1、 —What happened to the young trees we planted last week?
—The trees well, but we didn’t water them.
A. might grow B. needn’t have grown
C. would have grown D. would grow
2、 I through that bitter period without your help.
A. couldn’t have gone B. didn’t go
C. wouldn’t go D. hadn’t gone
3、 for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so good as it is.
A. Had it not been B. Were it not
C. Be it not D. Should it not be
4、 I to my cousin’s birthday party last night, but I was not available.
A. went B. had gone C. would go D. would have gone
5、 I’d rather you by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.
A. would go B. should go C. went D. had gone
6、 If it weren’t for the heavy traffic, we the Jay’s concert at the moment.
A. can be enjoying B. must have enjoyed
C. would be enjoying D. should have enjoyed
7、 But for my English teacher’s help, I first place in the English Speaking Competition.
A. would win B. would have won
C. would not win D. would not have won
8、 His pale face suggested that he well and I suggested he a rest.
A. didn’t feel; had B. wasn’t feeling; have
C. not feel; have D. hadn’t felt; should have
二、 短文改错
1、It is essential that he will come to our meeting tomorrow.
2、When a pencil is partly in a glass of water，it looks as if it is broken.
3、He gave the advice that we did the work carefully.
4、If only you have listened to my advice.
5、I would rather you do it yourself instead of asking others for help.
三、完成句子
1、要是我当时向她道歉就好了。
If only I .
2、我们早该采取措施来制止污染了。
It's time that .
3、他谈起话来好像他去过世界上的很多地方似的。
He talks as if he in the world.
4、我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮助。
We followed his advice that we .
- 但愿我能知道要发生什么事。
I wish .
四、仿照例句改写下面的句子
例：If I were in your position，I would pay close attention.
→Were I in your position，I would pay close attention.
1、If Jack were here at this moment，he would lend us his car.
→______________________________________________________________
2、If I had remembered their address，I would have sent them some cards.
→______________________________________________________________
3、If we were not waiting for a telephone call，we would go downtown.
→______________________________________________________________
4、If they had recognized her，they would have spoken to her.
→______________________________________________________________
5、If I had been intending to go shopping，I would have let you know.
→______________________________________________________________
6、If you had seen the movie，you would have liked it.
→______________________________________________________________
7、If it were not snowing，we would go out for a walk.
→______________________________________________________________
8、If it had been raining，we would have used our umbrellas.
→______________________________________________________________
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