2018年高考英语 优等生百日提分策略解题语法填空五大命题规律
方法与知识
优等生基本没有知识的问题，所以优等生的备考冲刺重点在于：1.梳理正确的做题方法和技巧；2.精选难度适中的训练题。
动词的时态和语态
命题规律
时态与语态一直是热点，也是广大考生复习备考的难点。考纲要求考生应该具备较强的语言应用能力，能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态；熟练掌握常见的8种时态，弄清16种时态，同时还要熟练运用特殊时态句式和用法以及不用被动式但表示被动的动词和短语。高考对时态的考查非常灵活且难度较大，不易把握。大部分时 态题答案的选择取决于语境；但也有部分时态试题较易把握，其用法相对固定，常见于特定句式结构中；还有部分常见时态用法特殊。
【考例分析】
【例1】He ______ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.
【解析】was pretending 由“and giving”可确定，用过去进行时，构成并列谓语。
【例2】Where men control the household, less money ______ (spend) on healthcare and food, which results in poorer health for children.
【解析】is spent money与spend之间存在被动关系，故用被动语态，从句时态提示应用一般现在时。
【例3】One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he ______ (find) that he has run out of salt.
【解析】found 主格代词he后应为谓语动词，由语境由One day和“invited”可知，用一般过去时。
【例4】In 1969，the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It ____(be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. [2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ]
【解析】was 考查动词时态。上文提到的事情是1969年的事情，所以这里应该用过去式。
【例5】One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop . . . . . . A boy on a bike __65__(catch) my attention. [2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ]
【例6】Jonny：Be patient！Tai Chi ____(call) “shadow boxing” in English. [2014·辽宁卷]
【解析】 is called 考查被动语态。这句话的意思是：太极在英语中被称为是shadow boxing，这里用一般现在时的被动：is called。
【例7】 He walked in as if he ____ (buy) the school. [2012·广东卷]
【解析】had bought 考查虚拟语气及时态。在主格人称代词he后，显然是作谓语；又因他不可能买下了这个学校，故应用虚拟语气，与过去事实相反，故填had bought。
【例8】One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen .Suddenly, he _______ (find)that he had run out of salt. 【2013·广东卷】
【方法总结】规律方法5：如何判断空格处应填时态、语态、语气？
(1) 寻找关键信息词。题干中的某些关键信息对于解答时态、语态、语气类的题目尤为重要。
(2) 利用上下文语境。利用上下文语境是解决时态、语态、语气类题目常用的最有效的方法，
(3) 判断是否是客观真理。如果句子所表达的是客观真理、寓言故事、谚语、格言等，通常用一般现在时。
非谓语动词
命题规律
非谓语动词包括不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词三种形式。动词的非谓语形式是中学英语语法的重点和难点,也是每年高考热点中的热点。 考纲要求掌握：非谓语动词的时态和语态；他们在英语句子中的作用；非谓语动词的基本用法和含义，非谓语动词在句子中可以充当多种句子成分，比如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语等；掌握非谓语动词充当相同句子成分时的辨析；掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语义下的运用。
非谓语动词高考常考点：
（1）非谓语动词的时态和语态
主动形式被动形式
动词不定式一般式to doto be done
进行式to be doing
完成式to have doneto have been
done
完成进行式to have been
doing
动词－ing
形式一般式doingCom]being done
完成式having donehaving been
done
过去分词只有一种形式done
（2）非谓语动词作状语
①不定式作状语：a.作目的状语，有时用in order to或so as to。b. 作结果状语，常用结构enough to，too...to...，only to等。c. 作原因状语，此时常与表示情感的形容词连用，如glad，happy，frightened，surprised等。d. 在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”的结构中，常用主动形式表示被动含义。
②动词－ing形式(现在分词)作状语：a. 动词－ing形式(现在分词)作状语时与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，having done表示先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生的动作。b. 动词－ing形式(现在分词)可作时间、原因、方式、伴随、结果、让步等状语。
③过去分词作状语：a. 过去分词作状语时与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。b. 某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时作状语时相当于形容词作状语。
④不定式与动词－ing形式(现在分词)作结果状语的比较：不定式作结果状语表示意想不到的结果；而动词－ing形式(现在分词)作结果状语表示自然而然的结果。
⑤动词－ing形式(现在分词)与过去分词作状语的比较：作状语时，是用动词－ing形式(现在分词)还是过去分词，取决于该动词与主语之间的关系，若为意义上的主动关系，则用动词－ing形式(现在分词)；若为动宾关系，则用过去分词。
（3）非谓语动词作定语
①不定式作定语：a. 不定式作定语时与所修饰的词之间存在动宾关系，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，一般要跟相应的介词。但是，如果不定式修饰的名词是time，place，way等，不定式后面的介词习惯省去。b. 若名词前有序数词、最高级或no，all，only等修饰，后面一般用不定式作定语。c. 用来修饰抽象名词时常用不定式作定语，常见的有ability，chance，attempt，warning等。
②动词－ing形式(现在分词)作定语：动词－ing形式(现在分词)作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，表示动作的主动和进行。
③过去分词作定语：过去分词作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，表示动作的被动和完成。
（4）非谓语动词作宾语(主语)补足语：
①不定式作宾补：a. 常跟不定式作宾补的动词有advise，allow，ask，tell，teach，encourage，cause等。b. 感官动词和使役动词后面作宾补的不定式不带to，但变为被动语态，作主补的不定式需带to。常见的词有：一感觉：feel；二听：listen to，hear；三使：let，have，make；四看：see，watch，notice，observe等。另外，help后作宾补的不定式符号to可有可无。c. 下列结构中用不定式作主补，例如be
said/reported/believed/considered to等。
②动词－ing形式(现在分词)作宾补：动词－ing形式(现在分词)作宾补时强调宾语发出的动作正在进行。常 见带有这种复合宾语的动词有：六让：make，let，have，get，keep，leave；三看：look at，see，watch；两听：listen to，hear；一注意：notice；一发现：find；一感觉：feel等。
③过去分词作宾补：过去分词作宾补时其动词形式与宾语发出的动作有逻辑上的被动关系，且表示完成。
（5）非谓语动词作宾语：
①有些动词只能跟不定式作宾语，常见的有agree，afford，decide，determine，expect，hope，manage，refuse，offer，pretend，wish，promise等。
②有些动词或短语只能跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，常见的有admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，escape，excuse，imagine，mind，miss(错过)，risk，suggest, be used to(习惯于)，can't stand(无法忍受)，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote to，stick to，object to，get down to等。
③有些动词既可跟不定式又可跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，意义区别不大，但表示经常性的动作常用动词－ing形式(动名词)，表示具体的动作常用不定式，常见的有begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer等。
④有些动词或短语既可跟不定式又可跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但意义有着明显的区别，常见的有：forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(未做)；forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做)；remember to do sth. 记得去做某事(未做)；remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做)；try to do sth. 尽力去做某事；try doing sth. 试着做某事；regret to do sth. 对即将做的事感到遗憾(未做)；regret doing sth. 对做过的事感到后悔(已做)；stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事(此处不定式作状语)；doing sth. 停止做某事；mean to do sth. 打算做某事；mean doing sth. 意味着做某事；go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事；go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事；can't help (to) do sth. 不能帮助做某事；can't help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事
⑤动词need，want，require后跟doing作宾语时，主动形式表示被动含义，另外be worth doing也是主动表示被动。
⑥介词后一般跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但but/except后接不定式作宾语，若前面有实义动词do则不带to，反之则带to。
⑦动词如find，feel，expect，think，consider，make等词后接不定式作宾语，宾语后跟形容词或名词作宾补，此时要用it作形式宾语。
⑧某些动词跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但需跟不定式作宾补，常见的有allow，permit，forbid，advise，consider等。
（6）非谓语动词作主语和表语：
①不定式与动词－ing形式(动名词)作主语和表语的区别：不定式表示某一具体的，尤其是未发生的动作；动词－ing形式(动名词)表示抽象的、泛指的动作。作主语时常用it作形式主语而把不定式或动词－ing形式(动名词)置后。
②过去分词与动词－ing形式(现在分词)作表语的区别：两者作表语时基本都是已经形容词化的动词－ing形式(动名词)或过去分词，此时表示“令人……的”用动词－ing形式(现在分词)；表示“感到……的”用过去分词。
【考例分析】
【例1】It is so dangerous that our guides will have guns (scare) the animals away if they come too near.
【答案】to scare
【解析】考查非谓语动词。不定式表目的。
【例2】H The next day, a man named Zhi Sou saw them working and tried to stop them, ______ (say), “You are silly!...”
【答案】saying
【例3】Later, ______ (move) by Yu Gong, the God of the Heavens ordered another god to take the two big mountains away.
【答案】moved，
【解析】考查非谓语动词。过去分词做状语，表示被动。
【例4】But she is thinking of (switch) to a different way of transport--a bicycle．
【答案】switching
【解析】考查非谓语动词。think of后面跟动名词，作宾语。
【方法总结】如何判断空格处应填非谓语动词？
(1) 正确判断非谓语动词。句子按照结构可分为三类，即简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句都需要连词来引导，如果句子中出现了连词，应选谓语动词形式；如果两个结构中未出现连词，则考虑用非谓语动词。
(2) 正确判断非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的关系。
确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的 动作执行者就叫作逻辑主语。判断非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系是主动还是被动。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致，找不到其逻辑主语时，整个句子或句子的主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。正确判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是作什么成分的非谓语动词都具有以下特点：
1．如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，可用现在分词；
2．如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，可用过去分词。
(3)正确判断非谓语动词和谓语动词发生的时间先后顺序
非谓语动词具备动词的一些特点，也可以有动作发生的时间。对于谓语动词，我们用时态来表示动词发生的时间；对于非谓语动词不能用时态来表示动作发生的时间。非谓语动词所表示的时间是一个相对时间，即相对于谓语动词的时间而言。同时也需要了解非谓语动词的不同形式所指时间的含义。如to have done，having done表示该动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生；to be doing，doing强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
冠词
命题规律
1. 抽象名词属于不可数名词，前面一般不用冠词；但用来表示具体的人或事时，其前用不定冠词。
2. 比较级和最高级前冠词的选择
“a/an＋比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比……更……的一个”，属于泛指；“the＋比较级”表示“两者中较……的一个”。“the＋最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最……的一个”；“a most＋形容词”表示“很……，非常……”。
3. 冠词的固定搭配。
冠词的考点归纳：
(1)定冠词的常考必备：①定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“这 / 那个”之意，但语气较弱，可以和名词连用，表示某个或某些特定的人或物。②叙述上文提到过的特定的事物或上文未提到，但听话者一定知其所指。③用于序数词、形容词的比较级、最高级以及形容词only，very，same之前。④用于表示地球、宇宙中的独一无二的事物尤指各种天体或世界上比较有影响的物体名词前。⑤用于表示具体的地点、方位，具体的时间或某天的一部分等。⑥用于表示山川、河流、海洋、群岛、报纸、杂志、朝代的专有名词及由普通名词构成的专有名词之前等等。
(2) 不定冠词的常考必备：①表示数量“一”，与one相近。②用在首次提到的人或物之前，表泛指。③用在物质名词、抽象名词之前，表示“一阵，一场，一种……”，也可以表示引起某种情绪的事，即抽象名词具体化使用。④用于be of a（an） n.结构中，表示“相同……的”。⑤ 用于so / as / too / how 形容词 a / an 单数可数名词。⑥不定冠词a或an用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，表示“每一”之意，”相当于every或one，但概念上没它们那么强烈。
(3) 零冠词的常考必备：①称呼语及表示头衔、职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，其前一般不加冠词。②在as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词前不加冠词。③专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前， 一般不加冠词。
【考例分析】
【例1】After the new students are accepted, many colleges and universities offer instruction program for them.
【答案】an
【解析】考查不定冠词。instruction program在文中第一次出现，以元音音素开头，故判断填an。
【例2】Actually, many of the teachers can’t give students efficient way to deal with reading.
【答案】an
【例3】So generation after generation, there is no end to ______ number of people who can do their part.
【答案】the
【解析】考查定冠词。the number of ……的数量，固定短语；
【例4】This is how the dog lost the game. He had come to _ ____ right place at the very beginning but failed to find the bone because he only complained and didn't try at all.
【答案】the
【解析】考查定冠词。place 可数名词单数形式，前无限定词，考虑填冠词。此为特指，因此填the。
【方法总结】1： 如何判断空格处应填冠词？
下列 情况很可能填不定冠词：
(1)________ 可数名词(单数)；
(2)________ 形容词 可数名词(单数)。
下列情况下很可能填定冠词：
(1)________ ( 定语) 名词 of等介词短语(表示特指)；
(2)________ ( 定语) 名词 定语从句(表示特指)；
(3)________ ( 定语) 名词 不定式短语或分词短语(表示特指)。
情态动词和虚拟语气
命题规律
情态动词和虚拟语气考点，是英语高考中的必考点。在高考中主要考查点有：情态动词的基本用法、情态动词表推测的用法、情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法、虚拟条件句的用法、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法、时间错综的虚拟条件句等。
情态动词和虚拟语气高考常考点：
情态动词的用法复杂多变,在高考试题中占的比重一直比较稳定,每年总有一至两个题,可以单独考查,也可以结合虚拟语气考查。命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查考生对情态动词的理解和掌握,难度也保持较为稳定的趋势。其考点主要包括：
1、考查情态动词的基本用法。如：can和could的用法及区别；will和would的用法及区别；must的用法；shall用于不同人称时的用法和should的各种用法；need的用法等。
2、考查情态动词的“推测”功能。如：can，could，may，might，must 皆可表示推测，使用时要注意以下几点：（1）注意语气。语气较强用must, cannot，couldn’t；语气较弱may，might或can，could；（2）注意句式。在肯定句中，一般用may，might，must；在否定句，疑问句中常用can，could；（3）注意时态。表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时通常用“情态动词 动词原形”结构；表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测，通常用“情态动词 进行体”结构；表示对过去情况的推测，通常用“情态动词 完成体”结构。
3、考查情态动词的特殊用法。如：
（1）cannot ／can't 与too／over（‐)／enough ／perfectl y ／sufficiently 等词连用，意为“越…越…”“无论怎样… …也不为过”、“决不会… …够(过)”。
（2）cannot wait to do sth意为“急于做某事”，。
（3）would 和used to的区别；can 和be able to的区别。
（4）“may / might well＋动词原形”意为“理应，有足够的理由”；“may/ might as well＋动词原形”意为“还不如，不妨，还是…的好”。
（5）must表示偏执型，意为“偏要”；“硬要”；can用在肯定句，可以表示客观上的“可能性”；shall用在法律、条约、协定等文件中可以表示义务、规定等；should表示估计或推测上的“应该”，译为“可能，该，估计，按理应当”；will 可以表示习惯和倾向性，意为“惯于, 老是, 终归是”等。
4、考查虚拟语气在各种从句以及隐含、混合等句中的运用。如：wish，as if/though，if only，would rather，otherwise, without等。
【考例分析】
【例1】It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I _______(do) it?
【答案】had done
【解析】题意：John打坏了窗户，为什么跟“我”谈话？好像是“我”打坏了窗户似的。题中broke表明“打坏窗户”发生在“过去”。as if / though后面的从句用had done表示对“过去”的虚拟。
【例2】If Mr. Dewey¬ _____(be) present, he would have offered any possible assistance to
the people there.
【答案】had been
【方法总结】考查情态动词和虚拟语气主要是借助情态动词考时态。
体验高考
1 .【2017·新课标III】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to challenge of her new A-level course .But unlike school friends ,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 61 (real)Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as 62 model in New York.
Sarah 63 (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year. Her father Peter44,want her to give up school to model fulltime But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models wants 65 (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty she is determined to carry on with her 66 (educate).
She has turned down several 67 (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies After school she plans to take a year off to model full time before going to university to get a degree 68 engineering or architecture.
Sarah says, "My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school 69 (come) first. I don't want to get too absorbed in modeling. It is 70 (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don't want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can't model my more."
【文章大意】本文是一篇人物类记叙文，介绍了Sarah Thomas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择，她认为在青少年时期学业要放在首位。
61. resting考查非谓语动词。 固定短语：spend time doing sth
62. a考查冠词。 model是可数名词，前面没有限定词，而此处泛指 “一个”，故填a。
63. was told考查动词。根据句意判断谓语动词应该用一般过去时的被动形式，主语Sarah是第三人称单数，故填was told。学#科网
64. who考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，代替先行词Sarah，应该用人称代词who。
65. to prove考查非谓语动词。 want to do sth. 想要做某事。
66. education考查词形转换。形容词性物主代词后面应该接名词形式
67. invitations考查名词单复数。several修饰可数名词复数形式，故填invitations。
68. in考查介词。in表示“在某方面”，获得某项学位 “get a degree in…”。
70. certainly 考查副词。修饰动词应该用副词形式，故填certainly。
【名师点睛】语法填空要求考生阅读一篇短文，然后按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求完成10道语法填空题。做题要求：一是在空格处填入适当的词；二是使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。纯空格题一般要填冠词、介词、连词、代词等，如果是物主代词，则空后需跟名词，比如66题。而有提示词的需 要根据语境，分析句子结构，判断所填词的词性，再确定所填词的形式。例如67题，several是修饰复数名词的词，所以判断后面用名词的复数形式。
2.【2017·浙江卷】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Last October , while tending her garden in Mora , Sweden , Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56 (carrot) and was about to throw them away. But something made her look closer , and she noticed a 57 (shine) object. Yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her long-lost wedding ring.
Pahlsson screamed 58 loudly that her daughter came running from the house. “she thought I had hurt 59 (I),”says Pahlsson
Sixteen years 60 (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 61 (cook) a meal. When she wanted to put the ring back on later, it was gone. She suspected that one of her three daughters —then ten, eight, and six— had picked it up, but the girls said they hadn't. Pahlsson and her husband 62 (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing. “I gave up hope of finding my ring again," she says. She never replaced it.
Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63 (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 64 it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. For Pahlsson, its return was 65 wonder.
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Lena Pahlsson在花园里采摘胡萝卜时，找到了丢失已久的结婚戒指的那种失而复得心情。
56.考查名词。根据“one tiny carrot was her long-lost wedding ring.”，及“a handful of ”，可知用名词复数，故填carrots。
57.考查形容词。“she noticed a 57 (shine) object”a为冠词，object为名词，横线处应填写形容词。故填shiny或shining。
58.考查固定句式。根据“Pahlsson screamed 58 loudly that her daughter came running from the house”，so…that,如此…以至于，故填so。
59.考查代词。I had hurt 59 (I)，主语为I,横线处为宾语，替代主语时，应用代词。故填myself。
60.考查形容词。says Pahlsson Sixteen years 60 (early)，用形容词比较级修饰Sixteen years，Sixteen years earlier16年前；故填earlier。
61.考查动词不定式。Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 61 (cook) a meal，一个句子不能出现双重谓语，所以用不定式表目的状语。故填to cook。
62.考查动词时态。根据“but turned up nothing”，可知句子为过去时，
63.“Pahlsson and her husband 62 (search) the kitchen”故填searched。
64.考查动词。 “Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63 (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish”，ring与sweep之间是被动关系，故填swept。
65.考查连接词。“ 64 it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it”，句子结构完整，先行词为 the garden,表示地点，定语从句中缺少相对应的地点状语，故填where。
65,。考查冠词。its return was 65 wonder.，wonder是名词，was是动词，应使用冠词修饰名词。故填a。
【名师点睛】
在语法填空中，我们要特别注意词性转换题。如本文的57题，“she noticed a 57 (shine) object”，句中a为冠词，object为名词，横线处应填写形容词。故填shiny或shining 。
词类转换题要先确定所要填的单词在句中的成分。
技巧1：作表语、定语或补语，通常用形容词形式。
技巧2：作主语，或在及物动词或介词后作宾语，用名词形式。
技巧3：修饰动词、形容词、副词，或整个句子，作状语，用副词形式。
技巧4：括号中所给词为动词时，也不一定是考动词的时态语态或非谓语动词， 有可能考词类转换；若是形容词或副词，有可能考查其比较级或最高级。
技巧5：词义转换题。词类不一定要变，主要是考查具有与词根意义相反的派生词，需根据句子意思及前后逻辑关系，在词根前加un-, im-，il-, ir-，in-, non-, dis-等，在词根后加-less等。
考点：考查语法填空
4. [2016·全国卷Ⅲ]
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
In much of Asia, especially the socalled “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 1.________ Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might 2.________ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 3.________ (create) special designs.
The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, 4.________ (use) twigs(树枝) to remove it. Over time, 5.________ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 6.________ (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 7.________ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the 8.________ (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 9.________ (be) too violent for use at the table.
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 10.________ their hands.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了筷子的历史演变以及它在中国等国家饮食文化中的地位。
1. and China, Japan, Korea 和Vietnam为并列关系。
2. be made 主语chopsticks与谓语make是被动关系，且前有情态动词，故填be made。
3. to create 用动词不定式结构作目的状语。
4. using 此处用现在分词作伴随状语。
6. gradually 修饰谓语turn into，需用副词。故填gradually。
7. who 引导一个非限制性定语从句，对先行词Confucius(孔子)起到补充说明的作用，故填who。
8. development 前有定冠词the修饰，应该是名词形式，故填development。
9. were 此句是并列句，主语是knives，因此be应用复数形式，再结合前半句“Confucius believed knives would remind…”可知填be的过去式were。
10. with 句意：在印度，大多数人还习惯用手吃饭。介词with意为“用，使用”。
模拟新题精选
1. 【吉林省百校联盟2018届高三TOP20十 一月联考】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
As a country that pays great attention to good manners, the food culture is deeply rooted in China’s history. As a visitor or guest in ___40___ a Chinese home or restaurant, you will find that t able manners are essential in our daily life!
It is really an ___41___ (admire) custom to respect others at table, the aged, teachers and guests ___42___(include) while taking good care of children. Meanwhile, ___43___ practice of presenting the best or fine food first to the senior members of the family has been observed for countless ___44___ (generation), In ancient times the common people ___45___ (lead) a needy life but they still tried their best b=to support the elder mother or father who took it for granted.
Although the hosts in China are all friendly and hospitable, you should also show them respect. Before ___46___(start) to eat dinner, the host may offer some words of greeting. Guests should not start to eat until the host says, “Everybody, please enjoy ___47___ (you)” or something like that, otherwise it suggests disrespect and causes displeasure.
When hosts place dishes on the table, they will arrange the main courses at the center with the supporting dishes evenly placed around them. When the main dishes ___48___ (prepare) in a decorative form either by cut or other means they will be placed facing major guests and elder people at the table, ___49___ also represents virtue.
【答案】40. either 41. admirable 42. included 43. the 44. generation 45. led 46. starting 47. yourself 48. are prepared 49. which
【解析】本文介绍了餐桌礼仪在我们日常生活中的表现。
41. admirable令人敬佩的风俗admirable custom，故填admirable。
42. included在餐桌上尊重老人，老师和客人包括照顾孩子，故填included。
43. the实践展示the practice of presenting，名词前用冠词，故填the。
44. generations以及观察了无数代，generations。
45. led由时间状语in ancient time可知应该用过去时态，故填led。
46. starting在吃完饭之前，before时间状语从句中主语与主句主语the host一样，可以省略，用动词ing形式表示主动，故填starting。
47. yourself尽情享受，enjoy yourself，故填yourself。
48. are prepared主要的菜肴被准备，用被动语态 ，故填are prepared。
49. which，which引导非限制性定语从句代指主句，故填which。
2. 【河南省八市2018届高三上学期第二次测评】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（每空一词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
A South Korean biomedical start-up called Ybrain has developed a headband that they claim will offer relief from the symptoms of___41___(depress). The device, called Mindd, works___42___(use) a tec hnique called transcranial direct-current stimulation(tDCS). Here, a low-voltage electrical current___43___(apply) to specific areas in the brain via electrodes(电极) placed on the skull.
tDCS is not new-the basic___44___(principle) have been understood since the early 19th century. But the past decade or so has seen increased interest in its use in treating neurological and psychiatric conditions, and a 2016 meta-analysis of hundreds of studies concluded that it’s “possibly or probably effective”___45___a treatment for depression.
tDCS equipment can stimulate particular brain regions either ‘anodally’ (increasing neuronal activity)___46___‘cathodally’ (decreasing neuronal activity). The Mindd headset applies anodal stimulation via electrodes in the headband to the frontal lobe, an area___47___decreased activity is associated with depressive disorders. Mindd is not intended as a DIY solution: patients would use it in___48___own homes, and all data regarding treatment would be sent automatically to their doctor.
The headband is___49___(current) undergoing clinical trials at Harvard Medical School, and at 12 hospitals in South Korea. Early results are said to be___50___(promise), and if all goes well, Ybrain hopes to market the device to health providers by 2019.
【答案】41. depression 42. using 43. is applied 44. principles 45. as 46. or
47. where 48. their 49. currently 50. promising
【解析】这篇文章主要介绍了韩国医药学研制出来的一种头巾，他们声称这种头巾可以减轻沮丧的症状。
41. 考查名词。他们声称这种头巾可以减轻沮丧的症状。这里应该使用名词，填depression。
42. 考查非谓语动词。The device与use之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词，填using。
43. 考查语态。a low-voltage electrical current与apply之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态，填is applied。
44. 考查名词。根据have been understood，可知这里需要使用名词复数形式，填principles。
45. 考查语义理解。表示“作为治疗沮丧的一种方法”，所以填as。
46. 考查连词。‘anodally’ 与‘cathodally’ 之间是一种选择关系，所以填or。
48. 考查代词。病人们可以在他们自己的家里使用它。表示“他们的”，所以填their。
49. 考查副词。修饰动词undergoing，用副词，所以填currently。
50. 考查形容词。作be动词之后的表语，用形容词，所以填promising。
3. 【江西省百所名校2018届高三第一次联合考试】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A few days ago I attended a gathering,___41___ a girl shared that she had recently “lost” her wallet (it was most likely stolen). I remembered that ___42___ (feel) because I had lost my wallet many times throughout my younger years. And twice it ___43___ (return) to me.
I dec ided to label one of my small ___44___ (purse), which I actually had with me that day, with her name, along with some cash inside and an ___45___ (encourage) note The trick was to try to get it to her ___46___ (secret), because I don t know her and may not see her again. I quickly went to another area ___47___ (write) the note. And then I wrote her name on a piece of paper and left it by the main door with the purse where she would see it ___48___ her way out. I was really nervous and wondered ___49___ she would actually find it. I kept checking to see if she picked it up.
By the end of the evening, another guest ___50___ (mention) that she had the biggest smile on her face after finding it. The best part was that she had no idea who it was and just felt grateful to everyone in that room.
【答案】41. where
42. feeling
43. was returned
44. purses 45. encouraging
46. secretly
47. to write
48. on 49. if/whether
50. mentioned
【解析】这篇短文讲述作者参加聚会碰到一个女孩说自己的钱包丢了，由于自己也丢过钱包并且有被归还的经历，而秘密的而巧妙的把自己的钱包给了这个女孩。
41. 考查定语从句关系词。句意：几天前我参加了一个聚会，一个女孩说她最近“丢失”了她的钱包(很可能是偷来的)。逗号之后是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是a gathering，在从句中作地点状语，应该关系副词where.故填where.
42. 考查名词。句意：我记得那种感觉，因为在我年轻的时候，我的钱包丢了很多次。此处做remember的宾语，应该用名词词性feeling.故填feeling.
43. 考查句子谓语。句意：有两次它被归还给我。句子主语it代指钱包，与动词return之间是被动关系，并且根据语境此句要用一般过去时，主语是第三人称单数，谓语应该用被动语态was returned.故填was returned.
44. 考查名词。句意：我决定将标记我的一个小钱包。one of之后应该用名词 复数。故填purses.
45. 考查形容词。句意：里面有一些现金和一个令人鼓舞的便签。此处修饰名词note，应该用encouraging（令人鼓舞的）修饰事物。故填encouraging.
47. 考查不定式。句意：我很快到另一个地方写了这张便条。该处是本句的目的状语，应该用不定式表目的。故填to write.
48. 考查介词。句意：然后我把她的名字写在一张纸上还有钱包，把它放在主门上，，在她出去的路上，她应该会看到它。on one’s way…在某人…的路上。故填on.
49. 考查连词。句意：我真的很紧张，想知道她是否真的能找到。结合句意可知此处表示“是否”，故填if/whether.学&科网
50. 考查动词。句意：晚上结束时，另一位客人说她发现了她脸上最大的笑容。此处是句子谓语，结合语境可知此句用一般过去时，应该用mention的过去式。故填mentioned.
4. 【山东省菏泽市七县一中（郓城一中、曹县一中等）2018届高三上学期期中】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The history of air conditioners(空调) started in the early days with the need to preserve food. The food___41___is kept at room temperature spoils easily due to the growth of bacteria. At temperature below 4℃, the growth of bacteria reduces___42___(rapid). As a result of the development in food refrigeration, other following applications include air conditioning and manufacturing processes.
The___43___(discover) of the principles of the absorption type of refrigeration in 1824 showed that liquefied ammonia(液氮) could cool air. At first, the commercially available use of air conditioning applications was based on the need to cool air for industrial processes rather than___44___(person) comfort. The first electrical air conditioning___45___(invent) by Willis Haviland Carrier in 1902. He was also known___46___the Father of Modern Air Conditioning.___47___(he) invention was designed to improve the manufacturing process of a printing factory. By___48___(control) the temperature, the process was made more efficient.
The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America was set up by him___49___(meet) the demand of better productivity in the workplace. Today, Carrier Corporation is___50___biggest air conditioner manufacturer and marketing corporation in the world in central air conditioning.
【答案】41. that/which 42. rapi dly 43. doscovery 44. personal 45. was invented
46. as 47. His 48. controlling 49. to meet 50. the
【解析】这篇文章介绍了空调的发展史。
41. 考查定语从句。___1___is kept at room temperature是一个定语从句，修饰先行The food，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，所以填that/which 。
42. 考查副词。修饰动词reduces，用副词，填rapidly。
43. 考查名词。作句子主语，用名词，填discovery。
44. 考查形容词。修饰名词comfort，用形容词，填personal。
46. 考查固定短语。be known as作为……而出名，是固定短语，所以填as。
47. 考查代词。表示“他的发明……”，所以填his。
48. 考查固定用法。介词by之后，用v ing形式，所以填controlling。
49. 考查不定式。表示目的“为了满足更好的生产力的需要”，所以填to meet。
50. 考查冠词。biggest是最高级，所以前面用定冠词the。
5. 【河南省许昌平顶山（即许昌市一模）2018届高三联考】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Don’t try and be happy—it will only make you sad. Desperately ___41___ (try) to keep a smile on your face will only make your depression ___42___(bad), a new study suggests. Feeling content has become the only goal for many ___43___ recent years, but accepting your ___44___ (sad) may be more beneficial. Dr. Brock Bastian in ___45___ University of Melbourne said “Depression rates ___46___ (be) higher in countries that seek for happiness now.” Rather than being the by product of a happy life, feeling happy has become a goal in ___47___ (it). This strengthens the message that we should aim ___48___ (increase) our positive emotions and avoid our negative ones. Society needs to change its attitude on depression if the disorder is to be solved effectively.
He added that people have become so used to not showing signs of weakness ___49___ (intention) due to social media being used to celebrate achievements. For the study ___50___ (publish) in the journal Depressing and Anxiety, the researchers as sessed depressed patients.
【答案】41. trying 42. worse 43. in 44. sadness 45. the 46. are 47. itself 48. to increase 49. intent ionally 50. published
【解析】这篇文章主要讲了新的研究表明接受自己的悲伤对人们更有益。
41. 考查非谓语动词。作句子主语，用v ing形式，填trying。
42. 考查比较级。拼命地尝试把微笑挂在脸上，只会让自己的沮丧更糟糕。表示“更……”, 应该用比较级，填worse。
43. 考查固定短语。in recent years最近几年中，是固定短语，所以填in。
44. 考查名词。作accept的宾语，用名词，所以填sadness。
45. 考查冠词。特指University of Melbourne，所以用定冠词the。
46. 考查主谓一致。Depression rates是复数意义，所以填are。
47. 考查固定短语。In itself就其本身而言，是固定短语，所以填itself。
48. 考查不定式。表示“为了增加我们的积极情绪”，表目的，所以用不定式，填to increase。
49. 考查副词。修饰动词show，用副词，所以填intentionally。
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