The present perfect indicates that something happened before now. Notice we have two different times here.
现在完成时表示某事发生在现在之前。注意我们这里有两个不同的时间。
Before — that's the past, and now — that's the present. The present perfect connects the present and the past.
以前——那是过去，现在——那是当前。现在完成时连接了现在和过去。
We've had a lot of requests for this video. We'll show you how to form it and when to use it.
很多人希望我们能制作这期视频。我们将告诉你如何构成现在完成时，以及该何时使用它。
And also when not to use it. You're going to learn how it's different from the past.
还会告诉你什么时候不使用它。你会知道它和过去有什么不同。
And we have a story for you, to help you remember it. We're going to show you how to use it in action.
我们会给你讲个故事，帮助你记这些知识。我们还会告诉你如何在实际运用中使用它。
Hey, I have a meeting with management in five minutes. Uhuh.
嘿，我五分钟后要和管理层开会。是哦。
It's my performance review. Oh yeah.
要讨论我的绩效评估。噢，是啊。
Have you had yours yet? Yeah, I had mine yesterday.
你和管理层讨论你的绩效评估了吗？是的，我昨天和他们开过会了。
I want to do really well. Do you have any tips?
我想做得很好。你有什么建议吗？
Well yes. What are they going to ask me?
有啊。他们会问我什么？
Well, the first question is always 'Have you achieved your goals this year? ' Oh great.
第一个问题总是“你有没有实现你今年的目标？今年你实现目标了吗？”哦，太棒了。
I think I have. I've done really well this year.
我想我实现了。今年我做得非常好。
We form the present perfect with the verb 'have' and the past participle of the main verb. So the main verb here is 'achieve' and 'have' is an auxiliary or help verb.
我们用动词 have 和主动词的过去分词构成现在完成时。所以这里的主动词是 achieve，而 have 是助动词或辅助动词。
It helps us form the sentence. 'Achieve' is regular but notice what happens if we have an irregular verb.
它帮助我们构成这个句子。achieve 是规则动词，但是注意如果我们有一个不规则动词会发生什么。
Do, did, done — we use the third part of the verb. So if the main verb is 'have' we say 'have had'!
do，did，done——我们使用动词的第三部分。所以如果主动词是 have，我们就说 have had！
We form questions by changing the word order. So 'I have achieved my goals' becomes 'Have you achieved your goals? '
我们通过改变词序来构成疑问句。所以“我实现了我的目标”变成了“你实现了你的目标吗？”
To form negatives, add 'not'. And to form short answers, use 'have'.
要构成否定形式，可以加 not。如果要回答得简短些，就用 have。
When we're speaking, we don't normally stress 'have' because it's not the main verb. So we generally contract it and we say I've, you've, he's, she's, and so on.
当我们说话时，我们通常不会用重音读 have，因为它不是主动词。所以我们通常会说 I've，you've，he's，she's，等等。
Perhaps your language has a tense with 'have' and the past participle too! If so, you might be thinking, oh this looks the same.
也许你的语言中也有带 have 和过去分词的时态呢！如果有的话，你可能会想，哦，这看起来一样。
Don't be fooled! The we way we use the present perfect in English is different.
别被骗了！在英语中我们使用现在完成时的用法会有不同。
Yes, so let's see how it works. How long have you worked here, Jay?
是的，所以让我们来看看它是怎么用的。你在这里工作多久了，杰？
For a year. I love it.
一年了。我爱这里。
And have you ever had a performance review before? No, never.
你以前做过绩效评估吗？没有，从来没有。
Excellent. You're going to do great.
很好。你会做得很好的。
So what were your goals this year? Well, one was to arrive on time and be punctual.
那你今年的目标是什么？一是要准时到公司，要守时。
And have you ever been late? No.
你有没有迟到过？没有。
Only when the traffic was bad. And when I lost my car keys.
只有在堵车的时候才会迟到。还有我丢了车钥匙的时候也会迟到。
And when you overslept. Are you sure you want to talk about punctuality?
以及当你睡过头的时候。你确定你要谈守时的问题吗？
Maybe not. Oh! But I've been taking a course about customer service. I can tell them about that.
也许不想。哦！但是我一直在上一门关于客户服务的课程。我可以告诉他们。
Oh. How long have you been doing that?
哦。你上这门课有多久了？
Since Christmas. But you haven't finished it yet?
从圣诞节开始上的。但你还没有学完吗？
No. Oh, well then, you can't talk about that.
没有。好吧，那你就不能谈这个了。
That's no good. Oh.
这样不好。哦。好吧，
OK, here's a good one. I've met all my sales targets. In fact, I've just won the top sales person award.
我有个好办法。我已经达到了我所有的销售目标。事实上，我刚刚赢得了最佳销售人员奖。
Hmmm. What's wrong with that?
嗯。这有什么不对吗？
Well, you've got to be careful. You don't want to appear too big-headed.
你得小心点。你可不想让自己显得太过自大。
Big-headed? Yes, you don't want to sound like you're boastful or conceited.
自大？是的，你不想让别人觉得你是个自吹自擂或自负的人。
That's very bad. Then what can I do?
那就不好了。那我能做什么？
Tell them your co-workers have helped you achieve your sales targets. Really?
告诉他们，你的同事帮你完成了销售目标。是吗？
Yes, it shows you're a team player. Oh, I get it.
是的，这表明你是个有团队精神的人。哦，我明白了。
Praise the team. Exactly.
赞美整支团队。就是这样。
Say you couldn't have done it without them. Management will love that.
说没有他们你就做不到。管理层会喜欢的。
I think you're going to get me in trouble again. Keep watching and you'll find out what happens.
我觉得你会让我再次陷入麻烦。继续看，你就会知道发生了什么。
But let's look at the present perfect first. There are basically three ways we use the present perfect in English.
但是让我们先看看现在完成时。英语中一般有三种现在完成时的用法。
They all connect the present and the past, but in slightly different ways and we'll go through them one by one. Here's the first way.
它们都连接着现在和过去，但方式略有不同，我们会一个一个地讲。下面是第一种方式。
We use the present perfect for actions that started in the past that are still continuing now. So we often use it to talk about how long something has continued.
我们用现在完成时来表示从过去开始的、现在仍在继续的动作。所以我们经常用它来谈论某事已经持续了多久。
We use it like this with the words: ' How long', 'for' and 'since'. In many languages, you'd use the present tense to express this idea, but not in English.
我们用它与“How long”、“for”和“since”一起使用。在很多语言中，你会用现在时态来表达这个意思，但在英语中不是。
The present tense would be wrong here. Use the present perfect and it'll indicate the action is still going on.
在这里用现在时态就是错的。要使用现在完成时，它会表示动作仍在进行。
And if we use the past form instead, it means the action is finished. How long have you worked here?
而如果我们用过去式来代替，就表示动作已经结束了。你在这里工作多久了？
For a year. Before this I worked for a software company.
一年了。在此之前，我在一家软件公司工作。
And how long did you work there? For 5 years.
你在那里工作了多久？五年。
Notice we can use 'How long' to ask about actions that are continuing, or actions that are finished. 'How long have you… ? ' means the action is still continuing.
注意，我们可以用“How long”来询问正在进行的动作，或者已经完成的动作。“你有多久……？”表示动作仍在继续。
'How long did you … ? ' means the action is finished. And we could also use the continuous form of the present perfect here.
“你……多久了？”表示动作已经完成。我们还可以在这里使用现在完成时的进行时。
That works too. In this context, these questions mean the same thing.
这也可以。在这种语境中，这些问题的意思是一样的。
In other contexts there's sometimes a difference and we'll make another video about that. So subscribe to our channel so you don't miss it.
在其他语境中，有时会有所不同，我们将制作另一期视频来介绍。所以请订阅我们的频道，这样你就不会错过了。
OK, let's look at the second use now. It's different to the first and it's very common.
好了，让我们来看看第二个用法。它和第一种用法不同，很常见。
We use the present perfect to talk about our experiences — so things that did or didn't happen to us. We're not talking about actions that are still continuing here.
我们用现在完成时来谈论我们的经历——也就是那些发生在我们身上或没有发生在我们身上的事情。我们说的不是仍在继续的动作。
They're finished actions that happened in the past, but we use the present perfect because we can still feel the effects of these actions in the present. Notice the time these things happened is vague.
它们是过去发生的已经完成的动作，但我们使用现在完成时，是因为我们在现在仍然可以感受到这些动作的影响。注意这些事情发生的时间是模糊的。
We just mean 'at some time in the past'. If I ask you 'Have you ever had a performance review? '
我们只是指“在过去的某个时候”。如果我问你“你做过绩效评估吗？”
I mean at some time in your life, but it's not important when. The time is indefinite.
我是说在你生命中的某个时间，但什么时候并不重要。时间不确定。
You can use the adverbs ever, never, or before here. They all work.
在这里你可以使用副词 ever，never 和 before。它们都可以用。
Or you can use no adverb. That works too.
或者你可以不加副词。这也可以。
It's up to you. Notice that if the time is definite, we use the past tense, not the present perfect.
由你决定。注意，如果时间是确定的，我们就用过去时，而不是现在完成时。
So what often happens is we use the present perfect to introduce a topic, and then we switch to the past when we start talking about a specific time. OK, so that was the second use.
所以经常发生的情况是，我们用现在完成时来介绍一个话题，然后当我们开始谈论一个具体的时间时，我们就会切换到过去时。好了，这是第二个用法。
Let's see the third one now. OK.
现在我们来看第三种。好。
It's similar to the second one. You'll see an example in the story.
它和第二种用法类似。你将在故事中看到一个例子。
And then the next question you'll get is 'What are your goals for the future? Well, that's exciting.
然后下一个会问到你的问题是“你未来的目标是什么？”这很令人兴奋啊。
I've just bought a book about time management to help me improve my productivity. By how much?
我刚买了一本关于时间管理的书，帮助我提高工作效率。提高多少？
They'll want a figure. OK, I'm going to improve my productivity by 20%!
他们会想要一个具体数字。好吧，我要把我的工作效率提高20%！
. . . Ooooo. . . That's not good?
哎呀。这样不好吗？
Well, the thing is, if you set your goals too high, you might not achieve them. Good point.
好吧，问题是，如果你把你的目标定太高，你可能会做不到啊。有道理。
Then 10% perhaps? Mmmm.
那么，10%也许可以？这个嘛。
You've got to be realistic. 5%?
你必须要面对现实。5%呢？
This office is so busy. Perhaps you should say you'll maintain your productivity.
这间办公室太忙了。也许你应该说你会保持你当前的工作效率。
Keep it at the same level. Do you think you can maintain it?
保持在同一水平。你觉得你能保持住吗？
Sure. Well, that's great.
当然。那就很好了。
OK, the final thing they'll ask you is for feedback about your managers. Oh well.
好的，他们最后会问你的是，你对你经理的反馈。哦，这个问题。
Everyone's been very nice to me and Kathy's very supportive. . . . Tut tut tut. . .
每个人都对我很好，凯西也很支持我。啧啧啧。
What's wrong? Well, they want to know the truth so they can improve.
怎么了？他们想知道真相，这样他们就可以改进了。
But that is the truth. Yeah, but they want you to think of things they've done wrong.
但这就是事实。是的，但他们想让你想想他们做错了什么。
I can't think of anything. Ooo. That's a problem.
我想不出什么。哦，这就是个问题。
No creativity. Oh, I see.
没有创造力。哦，我明白了。
Creativity is important. Should I make things up?
创造力很重要。我应该编造一些事情吗？
Has Kathy ever done something you didn't like? Well, once I wanted to fly business class but she said it was too expensive.
凯西有没有做过你不喜欢的事？有一次我想坐商务舱，但她说太贵了。
Well, tell them about that and say you're upset about it. But I'm not upset.
那就告诉他们，说你对此很不高兴。但我没有不高兴。
They can't improve if you don't give them ideas. Wow, I hadn't thought of it that way before.
如果你不给他们出主意，他们就无法改进。哇，我以前没有这样想过。 -欧 路词典-
You're giving me such bad advice! I know.
你给我的建议太差劲了！我知道。
This story's not going to end well for me. We'll look at the end in a minute, but first let's look at the last way we use the present perfect.
这个故事对我来说不会有好结果的。我们一会儿再看结尾，但首先我们来看看现在完成时的最后一种用法。
Here's the final use for the present perfect. We use it to talk about past actions that have results in the present.
下面是现在完成时的最后一种用法。我们用它来谈论导致现在结果的过去的行为。
So these are finished actions again. But we use the present perfect because they're important now.
所以这些又都是已经完成的动作。但我们用现在完成时是因为它们现在很重要。
It could be because the results of the action are important or it could be because it's news. In this use, the actions generally happened pretty recently — so not a long time ago — more recently.
这可能是因为动作的结果很重要，也可能因为它是新闻。在这种用法中，这些动作一般都是最近发生的——所以不是在很久以前——就在最近。
Here are the adverbs that you'll sometimes hear with this use: just, yet and already. And notice that the time is indefinite again.
下面是一些你有时会在这种用法中听到的副词：just，yet 和 already。而且注意，时间又是不确定的。
With definite times we use the past tense, not the present perfect. So again, what often happens is we use the present perfect to introduce a topic, and then we switch to the past when we start talking about a specific event.
对于确定的时间，我们用过去时，而不是现在完成时。所以，我们经常使用现在完成时来介绍一个话题，然后当我们开始谈论一个具体事件时，我们会切换到过去时。
With this third use, there are some differences in the way Vicki and I use the present perfect. American and British English differences.
在第三种用法中，薇姬和我使用现在完成时的方式有一些差异。美式英语和英式英语的差异。
We've made another video about them. I'll put the link here so you can check it out.
我们做过另一期关于它们的视频。我把链接放在这里，你可以去看看。（app 中搜“英音美音大碰撞”可以看到）
And now it's time to finish the story. Before we do, if you've enjoyed this video, please give it a thumbs up.
现在是时候结束这个故事了。在我们讲完故事之前，如果你喜欢本期视频，请点赞。
And share it with a friend! So are you ready for your performance review now?
还有请与你的朋友分享！现在你准备好接受你的绩效评估了吗？
Yes, I know exactly what I'm going to tell management. Excellent.
是的，我很清楚我要跟管理层说什么。非常好。 [eusoft]
Well, let's hear it then? I'm going to tell them that I haven't achieved any of my goals this year, that the only reason I've gotten anything done is because of my co-workers.
那么，让我们听听？我要告诉他们，我今年没有完成任何工作目标，我之所以能做完所有事情，都是因为我的同事们。
That I'm not going to improve my productivity and that I'm very upset because I can't fly business class. That's perfect!
我不会提高我的工作效率，还有因为我不能坐商务舱，我很不高兴。太完美了！
Well done! Now what's the time? Do you need to get going?
做得好！现在几点了？你要走了吗？
Oh yes. Thank you very much. Vicki.
噢，是的。非常感谢你。薇姬。
You've been really helpful. Oh no problem.
你帮了我大忙。哦，没什么的。
Good luck!
祝你好运！
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