动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”（gerund）和“现在分词”（present participle）两个部分。动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。
一、动词-ing形式的特征和种类
与动词不定式一样，动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带状语、宾语等。
A.动词-ing形式的一般式
1.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。
Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。
Learning is important to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要。
2.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。
They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。
She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking.她倾听她邻居的讲话。
3.动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。
I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。
B.动词-ing形式的完成式
动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.在这个城市生活了3年，她对这里已很熟悉。
I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。
注意：
在现代英语中，作宾语的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。
I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)
We remembered seeing the film.我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film. )
C.动词-ing形式的被动形式
动词的-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。
1．一般式的被动形式
The question being discussed is very important. 正在讨论的问题很重要。
I can't stand being kept waiting. 我不堪久候。
2．完成式的被动形式
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.我听说他被选为球队的教练。
Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。
D.动词-ing形式的否定形式
动词的-ing形式的否定形式是由not加动词的-ing形式构成。
His not coming made everyone present very disappointed. 他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。
I'm sorry for not being present at the meeting in time.我很抱歉没能按时赴会。
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。
二、动词的-ing形式的用法
A．动词的-ing形式作主语
1．动词的-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。
Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
Collecting stamps is interesting.集邮很有趣。
Learning about a language is easier than using it.学习有关语言的知识比使用语言容易。
Being invited to the party was a great honor to the family.被邀请参加晚会是这家人的荣耀。
2．为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。
It is easy making plans, but it is difficult carrying them.制定计划很容易，实行它却很难。
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 争论这事是浪费时间。
必背：动词的-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。
It's no good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。
It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。
It's worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。
There is no saying when it will stop raining. 无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。
There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
B．动词的-ing形式作表语
动词的-ing形式作表语的有两种不同的含义：
1．表示主语的内容是什么。
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the students.真正的问题是了解学生的需要。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
2．表示主语具有的特征。
The problem is quite puzzling.这个问题很令人困惑。
It was astonishing to see the animals and plants that are found nowhere else in the world. 看到了世界上其它地方找不到的动植物真是令人惊讶。
The food at the dinner party did not seem very inviting. 宴会上的食物似乎并不诱人。
比较：
一般说来，动词的-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。
Smoking is forbidden here.这里禁止吸烟。（泛指）
It's not good for you to smoke so much.吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。（具体）
They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。（泛指）
Would you prefer to stay at home this evening今晚你想待在家里吗？（具体
C．动词的-ing形式作宾语
动词的-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。
1．作动词的宾语
能用-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用-ing形式作宾语，另一类是既可用-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。
①只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词
这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语。
Fancy meeting you here!想不到在这儿见到你了!
I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。
They didn't mind being treated like guests. 他们不在乎被人当作宾客对待。
They admitted smokinghaving smoked in the hall. 他们承认在大厅里抽过烟。
I regret sayinghaving said what I said.我很后悔自己说过的话。
He couldn't help laughing.他情不自禁地笑了起来。
I can't imagine the boy speaking so rudely to you. 我不能想像这个男孩对你说话这么没礼貌。
必背：
只接动词的-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有
admit承认
appreciate感激
avoid避免
consider考虑
delay耽搁
dislike嫌恶
enjoy喜欢
escape避免
excuse原谅
fancy想不到
feel like意欲
finish完成
forgive原谅
give up放弃
cannot help情不自禁
imagine设想
include包括
keep保持
mention提及
mind介意
miss逃过
put off推迟
practice练习
resist抵制
risk冒险
②既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语
这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语，也能用不定式作宾语，但用法并不相同，主要有以下几种情况：
a.有些动词，如attempt, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer等，后面接动词的-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。
They prefer spending to spend their summer vacation in Dalian.他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。
I intend to buy buying an English-Chinese dictionary.我想买一本英汉词典。
提示：应尽量避免接连出现两个动词-ing形式。
I am starting to learn Russian. 我开始学俄语。
避免说：I am starting learning Russian. 我开始学俄语。
b. need, require, want作“需要”解时，后面接-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用-ing形式比较普通。
Your composition needs correcting to be corrected.你的作文需要修改。
His coat wants cleaning to be cleaned. 他的大衣需要洗了。
The old woman requires looking after carefully to be looked after carefully.这个老大娘需要细心地照料。
2．作介词宾语
动词的-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。常见的几种搭配形式有：
①动词 介词 -ing形式
Jason aims at becoming an astronaut.詹森立志要当宇航员。
I dream of being the best footballer in the school.我梦想成为全校最好的足球队员。
比较：
keep doing继续或保持做某事。（强调动作的持续性）
News lf successes keeps pouring in. 捷报频传。
Keep on doing继续或反复做某事。（强调动作的反复性）
We will keep on trying and.if we get anything done.will notify you.
我们将继续努力。有结果将通知你。
Keep sb doing使某人一直做某事（表示被迫进行的动作）
I'll try not to keep you waiting.我尽量不让你久等。
Keep sb from doing阻止某人做某事（＝preventstop sb from doing）
The stone walls keep the farmer's cows from joining his neighbor's cows.
石头墙使农民家的牛不会混入邻居的牛群中去。
②动词 名词 介词 -ing形式
Please excuse me for being late.对不起，我迟到了。
What prevented you from joining us last night昨天晚上什么事使你不能和我们在一起
Sandy wasted no time in getting to know the boss's daughter.桑迪很快就开始就和老板的女儿套近乎了。
③名词 介词 -ing形式
We like his way of teaching English.我们喜欢他教英语的方式。
He has little hope of passing the examination.他几乎没有什么希望通过考试。
I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners.我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。
④形容词 介词 -ing形式
I'm tired of having the same food every day.天天吃同样的东西我感到腻烦了。
Peter is angry about not being invited to the party.没有被邀请出席聚会，彼得很生气。
Who's responsible for organizing this conference 是谁负责组织这次大会？
⑤whathow about -ing形式
What about going for a walk去散步好不好？
How about playing a game of chess now现在来下盘棋好吗
⑥介词to 动词-ing形式
to既可以是介词，也可以是不定式符号，在使用中比较容易混淆。若是不定式符号，to后接动词原形；若是介词，to后需接-ing形式。
You must get used to washing your face with cold water.你必须习惯用冷水洗脸。
John has admitted to breaking the window.约翰已承认了打碎窗子。
I'm looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.我盼望今年暑假见到你。
He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind.他为全人类的利益献出了自己的一生。
However, others strongly object to developing private cars.然而,另有一些人强烈反对发展私人小汽车。
He is equal to doing this task.他能胜任这项任务。
The man took to drinking shortly after his wife died.他妻子死后不久，这人就开始嗜酒。
Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers难道还没到你安下心来阅卷的时D．动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语
1．动词的-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。
We heard the children shouting upstairs. 我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.我下车的时候注意到一个男人从银行里跑出来。
I felt my heart beating violently. 我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。
2．动词的-ing形式和不定式作宾语补语的区别
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用动词的-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词的-ing形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。
He saw a girl getting on the car.他看见一个女孩在上汽车。(She was getting on the car.)
He saw a girl get on the car and drive off. 他看见一个女孩上车开走了。(She got on the car and drove off.)
Do you hear someone knocking at the door你听见有人在敲门吗？(Someone is knocking at the door.)
Do you hear someone knock at the door你听见有人敲门了吗？(Someone knocked at the door just now.)
提示：
如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词的-ing形式。
I saw him enter the room, sit down and light a cigarette.我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香烟。
3．动词的-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示“致使”的动词后作宾语补足语。
They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。
I won't have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。
We kept the fire burning all night long. 我们使火整夜燃烧着。
E．动词的-ing形式作定语
1．单个的动词的-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般有两种含义。
①说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
a reading room= a room which is used for reading阅览室
running shoes= shoes for running跑鞋
a working method = a method of working工作方法
必背：
a sewing machine 缝纫机
a swimming pool 游泳池
a drawing board 画板
a dining car 餐车
a driving permit 驾驶许可证
a walking stick 手杖
a singing competition 歌咏比赛
a waiting room 候车室
②表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很普通的房子
a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题
The working people are masters of our country.劳动人民是我们国家的主人。
Let sleeping dogs lie.不要惹麻烦。
必背：
a disappointing play令人失望的戏剧
an astonishing adventure惊人的冒险
boiling water 正在沸腾的水
a sleeping baby 熟睡的婴儿
a barking dog 狂吠的狗
the setting sun 落日
the coming week 下一周
failing sight 逐渐衰退的视力
2．作定语的-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去。
They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
The book being discussed a lot will be published next month.人们谈论很多的那本书下一个月将出版。
3．有些情况下，动词的-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须使用定语从句。
①作定语的-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。
【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。
②-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。
【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要修建了。
间吗？F．动词的-ing形式作状语
动词的-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。
1．表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。（= When she saw those pictures...）
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。（= After we have made full preparation...）
2．表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Not knowing his address, I can't send this book to him.因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。（= As I don't know his address...）
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.由于生病，他昨天没有上学。（= Since he was ill...）
3．表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。（= ... and left him a lot of money）
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，摔成了碎片。（= ... and broke it into pieces...）
4．表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Going straight down the road, you will find the department store.顺着这条路一直走，你就会发现那家百货商店。（= If you go straight down the road...）
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。（= If you work hard at your lessons...）
5．表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。（= Although they knew all this...）
Working hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car.他虽然努力地干，但仍然挣不够买车的钱。（= Though he worked hard as he did...）
6．表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。（= ...and stared at the sky for a long time）
She came into the house, carrying a lot of books.她捧着许多书走进了房间。（= ...and carried a lot of books）
三、动词的-ing形式的逻辑主语
A．作主语的-ing形式
-ing形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。
Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。（Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来）
提示：
如果作主语的-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格（即名词后加's）。
His father's falling ill worried him greatly.他父亲生病使他很着急。（his father是falling ill的逻辑主语）
Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement to us.你来和我们一道工作，对我们是很大的鼓舞。（you是coming to work with us的逻辑主语）
B．作表语的-ing形式
-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。
What worries me most is Julia's staying too late every night.我担心的是她天天晚上熬夜熬得太迟。（staying too late every night的逻辑主语是Julia）
The main problem is your not having practiced a lot.主要的问题是你缺乏大量的练习。（not having practiced a lot的逻辑主语是you）
C．作定语的-ing形式
-ing形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。
an interesting book一本有意思的书= a book that interests its readers
a running stream一条奔流的小溪= a stream that is running
如果-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用-ing形式的被动式。
The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance.正在北京召开的会议非常重要。（逻辑主语the meeting和“举行”之间的关系是被动的，所以用being held
D．作宾语的-ing形式
-ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。
I can't imagine John's giving a speech in front of so many people.我不能想像约翰会在这么多人前面发言。(John是giving a speech的逻辑主语)
He was awakened by someone knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。(someone是knocking at the door的逻辑主语)
The boss understood himhis wanting to leave.老板明白他为什么要离职。（“他”是wanting to leave逻辑主语）
比较：
He insisted on doing it himself.他坚持要自己做。（doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”）
He insisted on my doing it.他坚持要我做。（doing it的逻辑主语是“我”）
Would you mind opening the window请你把窗子打开好吗？（opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”）
Would you mind my opening the window你介意我把窗子打开吗？（opening the window的逻辑主语是“我”）
E．作宾语补足语的-ing形式
动词-ing形式作逻辑主语时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。
We often hear her singing this song.我们经常听见她唱这首歌。（singing this song的逻辑主语是“她”）
We often hear this song (being) sung.我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。（逻辑主语“this song”和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动，所以用-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。）
F．作状语的动词-ing形式
1．动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it.走进教室，我发现里面没人。（entering的逻辑主语是I，相当于when I entered the classroom, I found nobody in it.）
如-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。
【误】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful.（looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对）
【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.从窗户看出去，我们看见一个漂亮的花园。
【误】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking.（逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报）
【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.我看着晚报的时候，一只狗开始叫起来。
2．如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常有名词或代词来担任。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.末班车已经开走了，我们不得不走回家。（having gone的逻辑主语是the last bus，而不是we）
Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.天气允许的话，足球赛将在周五举行。（permitting的逻辑主语是time，而不是the football match）
注意：
高中阶段有一些固定的-ing形式短语，如generally speaking, judging from..., considering..., talking of..., supposing...等，它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种-ing短语可当作一个插入语。
Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls. 一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣。
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada.从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大。
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。
Supposing it rains what will you do假使下雨，你会怎么办呢？
过去分词
第7章 动词的过去分词形式动词的-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。
一、动词的-ed形式的特征
A．动词的-ed形式是由动词的过去分词构成
动词的-ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词的-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构成，也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。
1． 规则动词的-ed形式
limit→limited（限制）
pretend→pretended（假装）
escape→escaped（逃脱）
provide→provided（提供）
refer→referred（提交）
drag→dragged（拖）
pray→prayed（祈祷）
supply→supplied（供应）
2．不规则动词的-ed形式
cast→cast（投掷）
spread→spread（传播）
bite→bitten（咬）
forgive→forgiven（原谅）
spit→spat（ 吐）
wear→worn（穿）
fight→fought（搏斗）
lose→lost（丢失）
3．少数动词的-ed形式作定语时，读音与一般过去分词不同
learned a learned professor 一位知识渊博的教授
aged an aged man 老人
beloved his beloved computer 他心爱的计算机
B．动词的-ed形式的否定形式
动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。
Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside. 不允许他进去，他只好在外面等着。
Never invited to his party, she got angry with him. 从未被邀请过去他的聚会，她很生气。
C．动词的-ed形式的特征
动词的-ed形式有被动的意思，有时也可表示完成的动作。
1．动词的-ed形式表示已完成的动作。
除了作形容词用的-ed形式外，动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。
2．及物动词的-ed形式一般表示被动的意思。
Given more time, I could have solved that riddle. 要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。（句子的主语I 和动词give之间是被动关系。）
When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. 你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。（动词make的宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。）
The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study. 在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。
3．不及物动词的-ed形式只表示完成的意思，并不带有被动的含义。
an escaped prisoner 逃犯 （= a prisoner who has escaped）
a retired worker 退休工人 （= a worker who has retired）
a newly arrived guest 新来的客人 （= a guest who has just arrived）
We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.我们应该不时地从发达国家引进先进技术。
People should pay attention to the changed situation. 人们应该注意到变化了的形势。
二、动词的-ed形式的用法
动词的-ed形式在句中主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。
A．动词的-ed形式作表语
1．-ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。
The students are fully prepared. 学生们已做好了充分的准备。
When we got there, the shop was closed. 我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。
She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars. 她对自己在高低杠上的表现感到很满意。
The land remained unexploited. 这片土地尚未开发。
Hearing the news, he looked disappointed. 听到这个消息，他看起来非常失望。
The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year. 山顶上终年积雪覆盖。
比较：
要把-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态中的-ed形式表示被动动作。
All the doors are locked. 所有的门都是锁着的。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态）
All the doors were locked by the guard. 所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。（被动语态，表示动作）
Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。（被动语态，表示动作）
2．同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作表语时的区别。
动词的-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而-ing形式作 表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved. 看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。
提示：
上述动词的-ed形式，有的（如pleased, tired, excited, disappointed等）已经变成形容词，可以被very, too等副词修饰。有的（如amused, puzzled, relaxed等）还不能被very, too修饰，只能被much修饰。
These problems are very puzzling. 这些问题很令人迷惑。
We are much puzzled by his failure to reply. 他不给我们回信使我们百思不得其解。
His speech was very moving. 他的演讲非常感人。
All the people present were moved to tears. 在场的所有人都被感动得流泪了。
B．动词的-ed形式作宾语补足语
当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词的-ed形式作宾语的补足语。
1．在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find后作宾语补足语。
I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night. 昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。
We found all the rivers seriously polluted. 我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。
Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop. 昨天我在商店里注意到一个小女孩偷东西被抓住了。
He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind. 他感觉到衣领被人从后面拉了一下。
2．在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。
①动词的-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come. 我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。
比较：
动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。
I couldn誸 get the car to start this morning. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。
Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？
②动词的-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。
You should make your views known to the public. 你应该让公众知道你的观点。
注意：
动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词的-ed形式，但不可用动词的-ing形式。
【误】Can you make the students understanding the text
【正】Can you make the students understand the text 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？
【正】Can you make the text understood by the students 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？
③动词的-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。
They all went home, leaving all the work undone. 所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房间里。
3．动词的-ed形式也可用在with（without）结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。
With everything well arranged, he left the office. 一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books. 她已经回来了，背包里塞满了有趣的图书。
Without any grain left in the house, the little girl had to go begging. 家里没有粮食，小女孩只好出去讨饭。
Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks. 如果不再给我们任何时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。
4．某些动词后（如want, need, prefer, would like等），作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了-ed形式作宾语补足语。
I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. 我希望这事立即得到解决。
I'd prefer this book translated by my sister. 我情愿让我妹妹来翻译这本书。
We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday. 我们需要这项工作周六之前完成。
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on. 农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。
C．动词的-ed形式作定语
动词的-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。
1．前置定语
单个的动词的-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。
A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. 所有的坏门窗都修好了。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。
提示：
如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。
Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。
2．后置定语
作后置定语的-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。
We have read many novels written by this author. 我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。（= that are written by this author）
Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。（= who had been invited to the reception）
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。(= which was attended by one thousand students)
A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. 一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。(= who was dressed like a lawyer)
3．动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别
动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动，而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或和主动。
the risen sun 升起了的太阳
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳
boiled water 开水
boiling water 正沸腾的水
developed countries 发达国家
developing countries 发展中国家
fallen leaves 落叶
falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子
changed condition 改变了的情况
changing condition 变化着的情况
动词的-ed形式作状语和-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、 方式或伴随情况等。
1．表示时间
动词的-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。（= When the city is seen from the tower...）
Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。（= After we had been shown the lab...）
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. 经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。(= After he was completely examined...)
提示：
有时动词的-ed形式前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。
When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。
Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。
2. 表示原因
动词的-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. 孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。（= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...）
Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. 因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。（=As it was written in haste ...）
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. 我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。(Because we were excited by...)
注意：
为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。
Even if invited,I won'tgo. 即使受到邀请，我也不去。
Though beaten by the opposite team,they did not lose heart. 虽然被对手打败，便他们并没有丧失信心。
Unless invited,he will not come back to the company. 除非被邀请，不然他不会回到公司来的。
3. 表示条件
动词的-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Heated, water changes into steam. 加热，水就能变成蒸汽。（= If water is heated...）
Given more time, he would be able to do better. 假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。（= If he was given more time ...）
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。
4. 表示让步
动词的-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个thoughalthough引导的让步状语从句。
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。（= Although they were exhausted by the running ...）
Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。（= Even if he was laughed by many people ...）
Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder. 尽管一天被盘问了多次，安德鲁仍然对那件谋杀案保持沉默。
提示：
有时动词的-ed形式作状语和动词的-ing形式的被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。
Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。
= Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。
Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。
= Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。
5．表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。
动词的-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。
The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。（= and he was surrounded by the students）
He went into the office, followed by some children. 他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。(= and he was followed by some children)
They turned around and stood in the middle of the room, completely astonished. 他们转过身来，站在房间中央，完全惊呆了。
She accepted the gift, deeply moved. 她接受了礼物，深深地感动了。
注意：
动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。
【误】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour.
【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 被邀请出席国宴是极大的荣耀。
【误】I cannot stand laughed at.
【正】I cannot stand being laughed at. 我不能容忍被人嘲笑。
三、动词的-ed形式的逻辑主语
A．动词的-ed形式在句中作状语和表语时，它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语，-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。
Locked up, he had no way to escape. 他被锁了起来，没有办法逃跑了。
Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 他陷入了沉思，几乎撞到了前面的汽车。
She became discouraged at the news. 听到这个消息，她泄气了。
Though it was 1000 a.m., the door of the shop remained locked. 尽管已经是上午10点了，商店的门仍然锁着。
B．当动词的-ed形式在句中作定语时，它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它和名词之间是被动关系。
The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是16世纪出版的。
The computer center, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school. 去年开办的计算机中心深受这所学校的学生喜爱。
A lighted candle lit up the cellar. 一支点燃的蜡烛照亮了地下室。
C．当动词的-ed形式在句中作宾语补语或主语补语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain. 薇薇恩把手指卡在自行车链条里了。（trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers）
The valuable vase was found stolen. 那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了。（stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase）
We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in. 我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟, 很明显小偷闯进来了。
D．动词的-ed形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语，常用作状语（详见“第8章 独立主格结构”）。
Everything done, we went home. 一切事情都做完了，我们就回家了。
All our money run out, Henry had to find another job. 钱都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. 他躺在草地上，头枕着双手。
All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考虑到所有的情况，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。
E．动词的-ed形式作独立成分。
动词的-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分，不受逻辑主语的限制。
Put frankly, I don't agree with what he said. 坦白地说，我不同意他所说的。
Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. 考虑到他一般的身体状况，手术后的恢复可能需要一段时间。
D．动词的-ed形式作状语
