副词：用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。
1、副词的分类：(见下表)
副词分类
2、副词在句子中的位置以及作用：
⑴作状语：
① 时间副词：一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在动词的前面。如：
We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我们明天要去参观长城)
They have already been to the UK twice.(他们去过英王国两次)
Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路)
② 频度副词：一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimes、often等还可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、three times等一般放在句尾。如：
sometimes I get up early.(我有时起得早)
The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭)
Take this medicine twice a day.(这种药一天吃两次)
③ 方式副词：一般放在行为动之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。如：
Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人几乎不可能走得和年轻人一样快)
Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看见了一丝亮光)
④ 地点副词：一般放在句尾,但here、there还可放在句首。如：
There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上万的自行车朝各个方向流动)
The frightened wolf ran away.(受到惊吓的狼逃开了)
He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回)
⑤ 程度副词：修饰动词时,放在动词之前；修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副词之前。但注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面；only位置比较灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如：
I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告诉我,我几乎把那事全忘了)
It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵)
She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地赶到车站赶上了首班车)
⑥ 疑问副词：用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句首。如：
When and where were you born?(你何时何地出生？)
Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小爱迪生为什么要坐在鸡蛋上？)
How do you do?(你好！)
⑦ 连接副词：用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在从句中作状语。
How I am going to kill the cat is still a question.(我打算怎样杀死那只猫还是个问题)
That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因)
He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎样做那事)
⑧ 关系副词：用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。如：
This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived.(这就是张先生曾经住过的地方)
Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well.(请告诉我你的英语是怎样学得这么好的方法)
⑨ 其它副词：too“也”,用在句尾；also放在动词前；either “也不”,放在句尾；nor“也不”,放在句首；so“如此,这样”,放在形容词、副词前；on/off“开/关”放在动词之后；not放在be之后、助动词之后、不定式或动名词之前；maybe/perhaps放在句首；certainly放在句首或动词之前。如：
He went to the Palace Museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宫博物院,我也去了) Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也许你的票就在你的里边衣袋里)
--Tom doesn’t have a computer. –Nor do I.(汤姆没有计算机,我也没有。)
副词在句子中的位置
(2)作表语：地点副词一般可以作表语,放在be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置。如：
I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)
I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我离开家乡有将近20年了)
Jim is over there.(吉姆就在那边)
(3)作定语：时间副词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词的后面。如：
People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.(现在的人们经常在餐馆里吃节日晚宴)
Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.(在二十世纪20年代那儿的女人过着可怕的日子)
(4)作宾语补足语：地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。如：
Put your dirty socks away, Jim! They are giving out bad smell!(吉姆,把你的脏袜子拿开！它们在散发着臭气。)
Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父亲把他关在家里做作业)
[注意] “动词 副词”的宾语如果是代词,则该副词应该放在代词之后。如：He wrote down the word.(他写下了那个词。)→He wrote it down.(他把它写了下来。)
副词在句子中的作用：
3、有关副词的重要注释：
⑴ as…as…常构成一些词组：as soon as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同样), as 形容词/副词 as possible(尽可能……地)。如：
Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(请你一到北京就给我写信。)
Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐尽快地赶到了校门口。)
[注释] “as long / much as 名词”可以表示“长达/多达…”的含义。如：
The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花费高达50万元。)
They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他们呆在山洞里长达两周。)
⑵ later、after、ago、before的用法：①“一段时间 later/ago”分别表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要用于过去时态。②“after/before 某个时刻”分别表示“在某时刻之后/之前”,此时两个词是介词。③ago与before：ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时。如：
He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一个事故)
Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(数年后这个男孩成了著名的歌唱家)
Have you been there before?(你从前到过那儿吗？)
After a few years he gave up smoking.(过了几年他戒了烟。)
⑶ above、below、over、under的用法：在上下方用above和below,在高低处用over和under.如：
The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高挂在空中)
A plane flew over quickly.(一架飞机从头顶飞过。)
当above、below、over、under是介词性质时,意义相似。
⑷ too、also、either、nor的用法：too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开；also(“也”)用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前；either(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开；nor(“也不”)用于倒装句句首；如：
Are you American,too?(你也是美国人吗？)
He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。)
He didn’t watch the football game. Nor did I.(他没有看足球赛,我也没有。)
You can also find the market is very good.(你还可以发觉那个市场很好。)
⑸ enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法： enough (“足够,十分”)放在形容词或副词之后；too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相当”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容词或副词之前,very much(“非常”)放在动词之后。如：
It’s too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太贵/那么贵/非常贵/相当贵。)
I don’t like sweets very much.(我不很喜欢糖果)
[注意] very与 much的区别：very修饰形容词、副词的原级和现在分词形容词,much修饰形容词和副词的比较级；much还可以修饰疑问句和否定句中的动词,very不可以。如：
He is very stupid.(他很笨)
The film was very moving and everyone swept.(电影非常动人,大家都哭了)
You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得学习更努力,不然你考不进那所好学校)
I don’t like him much.(我不太喜欢他)
⑹ sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法：sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、 sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、 some times(数次)表示次数、some time(一些时间)表示一段时间。如：
Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他们有时徒步旅行到山里去)
I will stay here some time.(我会在这儿呆些时候的。)
I will meet your father sometime.(我什么时候要见见你的父亲。)
⑺ how、what用于感叹句的用法：对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用how,对人或事物(可能含有形容词作修饰语)进行感叹用what. 如：
What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天气真好！)
How difficult (the problem is)!((问题)真难呀！)
⑻ already、yet的用法：在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句。如：
Have you done it already?(你已经做好了？)
I have not had my breakfast yet.(我还没有吃早饭呢。)
⑼ hard与hardly的用法：hard作为副词意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly是否定词,意思是：“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用。如：
They study English very hard.(他们英语学得很刻苦)
You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共场所你几乎看不到一个人随地吐痰)
⑽ like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法：三个短语分别表示“非常喜欢”、“更喜欢”、“最喜欢”。如：
I like baseball very much.(我非常喜欢棒球
Do you like butter better than cheese?
They like hamburgers best.
⑾“quite/what a 形容词 名词”的用法：记住：①quite/such/what... a 形容词 名词;②too/so/how 形容词 a 名词;③rather a 形容词 名词 = a rather 形容词 名词。如：
I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我从未见过这样奇怪的家伙)
It is quite a nice day for a walk.(这真是散步的好日子)
⑿ how 的几个短语：how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问； how soon“多久以后”,用于将来时态； how long“多久”,用于过去时、完成时或其他时态； how many times“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问； how much“多么,多少”,对程度进行提问,也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。如：
How long have you been like this?(你这样已经多久了？)
How often does he wash his face?(他每隔多久洗一次脸？)
⒀ much、more与most的用法：这三个词除了是形容词作名词的修饰语之外,还是程度副词,much表示“很”,修饰原级形/副,more表示“更”用来构成多音节形/副的比较级,most表示“最”用来构成多音节形/副的最高级。此外,much也可以修饰比较级形/副。如：
This park is much more beautiful than that one.(这个公园比那个漂亮多了)
It is the most instructive film I have ever seen.(这是我看过的最有教育意义的电影)
⒁ no more、no longer、not...any more、no...any longer的用法：表示时间,可以用no longer、not...ny more、no...any longer,而且no longer只能放在谓语动词之前；表示程度,可以用no more、not...any more.如：
He no longer lived there.(他不再住在那里)
Tom wanted no more cakes.(他不想再要蛋糕)
He didnt smoke any more/longer.(他不再抽烟)
⒂ 被动语态中,方式副词一般放在be与谓语动词之间。如：
The runner was badly hurt.(赛跑运动员受了重伤)
English is widely spoken in the world today.(如今世界上英语说得很广泛)
⒃ too...to...与so...that...的问题：副词too/so后面跟形容词或副词,to后面跟动词,that后面跟从句。Too...to... (“太.……以致不……”)是否定的结构,用于简单句；so...that...(“如此…以致…”)是肯定结构,用于复合句。如：
The child is too young to join the army.(这孩子年龄太小还不能参军)
He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.(他这么强壮,搬得动那个重箱子。)
⒄ 既是形容词也是副词的单词有：early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high, low, straight等等。如：
It was a long holiday.(那是个长假)
He stayed there very long.(他在那儿呆了好久)
Think hard then you will find a way.(好好想你就会找到办法)
He is a very hard(难对付的) person.(他是个难玩的家伙)
⒅ farther与further的用法区别：表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更远、较远”,但是further还表示“更多、进一步、额外”等意思,此时不能换为farther. 如：
They decided to go farther/further the next day.(他们决定第二天走得再远些)
This problem will be further discussed.(这个问题还要进一步讨论)
Every one of them had their further studies after they left college.(他们每个人大学毕业后继续进修)
⒆ rather与quite的用法区别：同very一样,两个词都表示形容词或副词的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比预料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含义,含有令人惊讶的意思。见下图对“nice”程度的描绘：
(小) not nice →(fairly) nice →quite nice →rather nice →very nice（大）
如：It’s quite a nice film.(这是部好片子)。(可能意味着不是一部最好的电影)
It’s rather a nice film.(这是部很不错的电影。)(意味着比大多数电影都好)
[注意]注意quite与rather后面的词序。
⒇ maybe、possibly、perhaps的区别：maybe“可能、也许”,比另外两个词更不正式、更随便、可能性不大；possibly“可能地、或者、也许”,可能性较大,在否定句和疑问句中表示“无论如何”；perhaps“可能”,较为常用而且正式,可能性也不大。如：
You could put it over there,maybe.(也许你可以把它放在那边)
I couldn’t possibly have finished such a long book in such a short time.(我不可能在这么短的时间内完成这么长的一本书)
I thought perhaps it was the letter you have been expecting.(我以为那也许就是你期盼的信件)
(21) most、mostly的区别：most作为形容词和名词时意思是“大多数的、大部分的”,作为副词时意思为“最,十分、很”；mostly仅为副词,意思为“主要地、多半地、大部分地”。如：I was at home most of the time when I was free.(我有空时大部分时间都在家)
Most children are naughty.(大部分的孩子都淘气)
This is the most exciting part of the film.(这是电影中最令人兴奋的部分)
She is mostly out on Sundays.(星期天她一般不在家)
(22) (be) worth、(be) worthy of的区别：worth一般被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词,用主动表示被动含义,还可以用副词well修饰；worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟动名词的被动形式。如：
What is worth doing at all is worth doing well(凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做).
The house is worth ￥300,000.(房子价值30万元)
This book is well worth reading several times.(这本书值得好好读几遍)
It is a thing worthy of being seen.(这是一个值得看的东西)
(23)almost、nearly的区别：两个词意思相近,都表示“几乎、将近”,大多数情况下可以互换,与否定词连用时用almost不用nearly. almost no 相当于hardly any(几乎没有)。如：
He had done almost nothing today.(他今天几乎没有干什么)
We are almost/nearly there.(我们几乎就到那里了)
Almost nobody/Hardly anybody understood his words.(几乎没有人懂他的话)
(24) a bit与a little的区别：这两个名词短语经常当作副词使用,修饰形容词或副词的原级或比较级,可以互换,语气比rather弱。如：
This digital camera is a bit(a little) expensive.(这台数码相机有点贵)
It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷了点)
另外,a little可以直接加不可数名词,a bit 则采用“a bit of 名词(不可数或可数名词复数)”的形式。如：
I have got a bit of a cold.(我有点感冒)
Go and get a little water for me, please.(请你去给我搞点水来)
[注意] not a bit(=not at all)意为“根本不”,而 not a little则意为“非常,不是一点”。
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