A pit-turned “Local Version of Jiuzhaigou”
文 《一带一路报道》全媒体记者 秦粟风
位于铜锣山的渝北矿山公园，因绝壁环绕、碧水幽潭的美景，被誉为“重庆小九寨”，其视频在网络上获得大量关注，引得众多游客前来游玩。据石壁村村干部曾德健介绍，虽然现在景区还处于规划打造阶段，但节假日期间每天都迎来上千游客，车辆堵塞两三公里。谁也难以想象，如此受欢迎的景区在几年前还是一片满目疮痍的废弃矿坑群。
The Mine Park on Tongluo Mountain in Yubei District, Chongqing is known as the “Local Version of Jiuzhaigou in Chongqing” for its bold cliffs and deep blue pools. The video about it has drawn a lot of attention on the internet, attracting many tourists. According to Zeng Dejian, a cadre of Shibi Village, hundreds of tourists flock to the area daily during holidays and cause gridlock that is 2–3 kilometers long with vehicles although the scenic spot is still at the stage of planning. It would sound unimaginable that a few years ago this scenic spot was still a battered group of abandoned mines.
40年前的大地之痕
A mark left on earth 40 years ago
纵贯重庆市主城区的铜锣山脉，因石灰岩矿储量丰富，早在20世纪60年代，地处铜锣山脉北段的重庆市渝北区石船镇玉峰山一带，就有了石灰岩采石场。重庆市直辖后，城市“生长”速度加快，石材需求量陡增。加上毗邻319国道，运输条件便利，石船镇石壁村周围因此成为重庆市渝北区最大的石灰岩矿区。
The Tongluo Mountain, which runs through the main urban area of Chongqing, is rich in limestone mines. Limestone quarries were built in the Yufengshan area in Shichuan Town, Yubei District, Chongqing, on the northern section of the mountain as early as in the 1960s. After Chongqing became a municipality directly under the Central Government, the city’s “growth” accelerated and the demand for stone materials increased sharply. Its location near National Highway 319, plus convenient transportation, makes Shibi Village in Shichuan Town the largest limestone mining area in Yubei District, Chongqing.
据当地村民回忆，开采规模在2002年左右达到高峰。当时，沿着老319国道10公里长的区域内，每天进出的大货车少说也有7000辆，呼啸而过的汽车轰鸣声、喇叭声不绝于耳。
According to local villagers, the mining scale reached its peak around 2002. During that time, at least 7,000 trucks came and left every day in the 10-kilometer-long swath of land along the former National Highway 319. The roar of trucks and horns lingered on without end.
大大小小的采石场火力全开，削掉了一座又一座山头。这里产出的石材，一度占据了重庆石材市场的1/3。矿业经济维系着矿区内2500多户、7000多人的生计。
Quarries of all shapes and sizes were operated with ruthless efficiency, and a lot of hilltops were flattened. The stone produced there accounted for up to 1/3 of all the stone material available on Chongqing’s stone market. The mining economy provided a source of livelihood for over 7,000 people in 2,500 households in the mining area.
“那时候村里可富了，通过采矿、租地等方式，村集体经济一年收入有两三亿元。”在铜锣山采石场附近的石壁村，村民娄中强提起当年采矿业的辉煌，侃侃而谈，“很多采石场每年营业额上千万，不少村民都成了大老板。”
“The village was rich, making 200–300 million yuan annually through mining and land leasing.” In Shibi Village near the quarries, villager Lou Zhongqiang seemed to have a lot to tell about the former glory of mining. “Many quarries had an annual turnover of tens of millions; many villagers became millionaires.”
重庆渝北铜锣山国家矿山遗址公园（图 东方IC）
“富是富了，但是村里整天都灰蒙蒙的，马路被大货车压得坑坑洼洼，每年都要维修才行。山上到处都是大大小小的坑，环境破坏实在是太严重。”一边是采矿业带来的暴利，一边是对生态环境的大肆摧残——森林被砍伐，耕地被破坏，山体裸露，地下水漏失，地质安全隐患突出……还形成了很多绝壁和开采深坑，美丽的群山变得“伤痕累累”。从当时的航拍图上可以看到，铜锣山脉上，41个光秃秃的巨型露天开采矿坑，更像一连串难以愈合的“伤口”，由南向北蜿蜒而来，触目惊心。
“We became rich, but the village was misty all day long. Passing trucks made numerous holes in the roads, which had to be repaired every year. The mountains were strewn with pits; damage to the environment was almost intolerable.” Mining brought in huge profits, but the ecological environment was subjected to wanton destruction. The trees were felled, the farmland was destroyed, the mountains were stripped of vegetation, the groundwater leaked, and potential geological hazards were prominent. Precipices and deep pits formed. The beautiful mountains were “scarred and battered”. Aerial images taken at that time show that the 41 bald, giant open-pit mines in the Tongluo Mountain is like shocking, irreversible “wounds” that wind their way from south to north.
矿山关停之路
The shutdown of mines
面对生态环境的急剧恶化，为了践行生态优先的绿色发展理念，重庆渝北区委、区政府2012年壮士断腕，决定将铜锣山采石场全面关停。但是关停之路荆棘丛生，对于恢复生态环境的“慢变量”与牺牲现实利益的“眼前账”，矿老板们更多打起了自己的“小算盘”。
Facing the sharp deterioration of the ecological environment, the CPC Yubei District Committee and Chongqing Yubei People’s Government, in response to the call for ecosystem-prioritizing green development, decided to shut down all quarries in Tongluo Mountain in 2012. The shutdown of mines turned out to be a difficult task. The mine owners thought otherwise when faced with the order to sacrifice their immediate interests for the sake of ecological restoration.
石船镇一位干部回忆说：“你不让他生产，他就偷着生产；你前脚刚下完停产通知书，他后脚就开动了机器；你义正辞严地要求停产，他声泪俱下地向你哭诉……”时任石壁村党支部书记赵坤林说：“这是要断大家的财路啊，工作难度相当大。”
A cadre of Shichuan Town recalled, “If you ban the production, they will do that stealthily. They will stop production temporarily when you announce the policy, but as soon as you finish speaking, they will reactivate the machine. If you denounce their breach of the policy, they will cry and complain tearfully.” Then Zhao Kunlin, then the Party branch secretary of Shibi Village said, “This is about discontinuing their means of livelihood. It is difficult to persuade them.”
不能毕其功于一役，那就分期分批实施。渝北区先是在2010年合并和关闭了一批采矿场。在此基础上，坚持说服教育与联合执法并行，既要讲道理，也要讲法治。对一些非法采矿的矿老板，国土、工商、环保等部门联合执法，果断出击，坚决关停。
Do what you cannot accomplish at one battle, stroke progressively and with patience. In 2010, Yubei District initially merged and closed down some mining sites. Relevant work continued on this basis. Equal priority was given to education and law enforcement. Reasoning and the rule of law are both practical approaches. The departments of land and resources, industry and commerce, and environmental protection jointly enforced the law to resolutely shut down illegal mines.
石壁村原有1843户村民。因矿业经济的清零，这个繁华的区域很快冷清下来，一些村民搬到城里住或外出务工，留在村里的只有400多人。
There were originally 1,843 households in Shibi Village. The shutdown of the mining economy made this formerly bustling area desolate. Some villagers moved to cities or looked for jobs elsewhere. Only over 400 people remained in the village.
石壁村村民娄忠珍说道：“因为村里很多土地被破坏了，不能种植。有条件的进城了，留守在家的村民只能想办法复垦一些自留地。过去还能在采石场务工，关了之后收入大幅下降。”正当村民们感慨昔日赚大钱的日子一去不复返时，情况又出现了转机。
Lou Zhongzhen, a villager of Shibi Village, said, “The land in our village has been destroyed; mining has rendered it infertile. Those who are better prepared have moved to cities. Villagers who stay at home have to reclaim their private plots. They had jobs as miners in the past. After the mines were shut down, their income dropped sharply.” A fortuitous turn of events occurred as the villagers lamented about the passing of good days.
矿坑变公园的实例还有很多，图为四川广安矿山公园（图 东方IC）
名副其实的金山银山
Veritable mountains of gold and silver
2018年4月26日，在深入推动长江经济带发展座谈会上指出，要正确把握生态环境保护和经济发展的关系，探索协同推进生态优先和绿色发展的新路子。推动长江经济带绿色发展，关键是要处理好绿水青山和金山银山的关系。
General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that we must strike a balance between environmental protection and economic development, and explore new ways of ecosystem-prioritizing green development at a symposium on deeply advancing the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt on April 26, 2018. The key to the green development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt is proper handling of the relationship between environmental protection and economic development.
石壁村所在的铜锣山脉属喀斯特地貌，地表水沿岩石裂缝向下渗流和溶蚀，本来难以蓄存积水，但经过日积月累，41个矿坑中有10余个矿坑竟然蓄积了清澈的水体，在矿物质的作用下形成了五颜六色的湖泊群，具有极佳的观赏价值。
The Tongluo Mountain, where Shibi Village is located, has a karst landform. The surface water seeps down along fractures in the rock and corrodes the substances below. Formerly, these pits couldn’t hold water. But with the elapse of time, over 10 of the 41 pits gathered clear water in them, forming colorful and ornamental lakes under the action of minerals.
在绿色发展的推动下，2018年底，渝北矿山公园成为全国山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点之一。凭借中央专项资金和自有力量，渝北区已实施矿坑群治理工程四期，治理面积2300亩。在矿坑群生态修复的工作上，渝北区秉持“自然修复为主、人工修复为辅”的理念，使矿坑群最大程度接近自然状态。例如在治理7、8、9号三个矿坑时，湖畔只种植了一些植物和水草，石径材料则取自原矿坑中的矿石，混乱的石场不复存在。
Driven by the concept of green development, Yubei Mine Park was designated as a national pilot project of ecological protection and restoration at the end of 2018. With the special financial support from the Central Government and using its own resources, Yubei District has implemented four mine treatment projects that cover an area of about 2300 mu. Yubei District has developed the concept of “natural restoration supplemented by artificial restoration” while restoring the ecological environment of the mines. The mines have been maximally restored so that they could enter a near natural state. On treatment of the No. 7, No. 8 and No. 9 pits, only some aquatic plants and other plants were planted on the lakeside, and the raw materials for the stone paths are ores from the former mines. The chaotic stone quarries are gone.
渝北区规划和自然资源局局长胡天才说：“我们正在规划后续治理工程，使其成为生态公园、旅游公园，不能再走过去牺牲生态的老路。”
Hu Tiancai, Director-General of the Planning and Natural Resources Bureau of Yubei District, sai, “We are planning follow-up treatment projects to develop it into an ecological park and a tourist park. We can no longer sacrifice the ecological environment.”
从废弃矿坑到“网红小九寨”，渝北矿山公园找到了自己的道路——从第二产业向三产融合发展。曾经“吃祖宗饭、断子孙路”的掠夺式开采已经不复存在，而今，在渝北区政府的带领下，石壁村新建10万亩特色经果林和10万亩生态林，村民通过土地入股分红的方式，走上生态产业化、产业生态化发展新路。“我们村约1000亩土地入股，110多户村民成了股东，主要栽种李子树。李子挂果后，预计一亩地每年分红近一万元。矿山公园还没建成就已名声在外，再过几年生态旅游发展起来了，我们这里就是名副其实的金山银山。”石壁村村干部黄伟说。
By transforming abandoned pits into the “Local Version of Jiuzhaigou”, the Mine Park in Yubei District is diversifying from the secondary industry into the three major industries. Predatory mining that would end up in discontinuing the livelihood of our offspring has been stopped. Under the leadership of Chongqing Yubei People’s Government, Shibi Village has built about 100 thousand mu of characteristic fruit forests and about 100 thousand mu of ecological forests. The villagers have embarked on a new road of ecological industrialization and industrial ecologicalization through shareholding in land. “About 1000 mu of land in our village has been invested as shares, and more than 110 households have become shareholders. We mainly plant plum trees. It is estimated that about every mu of land will yield a dividend of up to 10,000 yuan per year after the plum trees bear fruit. The Mine Park has already gained a reputation before it was built. Our village will become a Village mountain of wealth when eco-tourism develops in the coming years,” a cadre of Shibi Village Huang Wei said.
精彩预告
一座城的生态回归
化工园区的涅槃之旅
逐浪长江 江豚回归路
“河长”护河，共卫一江清水
长江经济带建设引领“生态优先、绿色发展”——专访中国人民大学长江经济带研究院首任院长、高级研究员罗来军
来源：《一带一路报道》2021年第2期
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