今天推荐一本老书,它能帮你找到自己的写作风格。
《风格的要素》
(The Elements of Style)
《风格的要素》(The Elements of Style)这本书写于1918年。作者威廉·斯特伦克(William Strunk Jr.)是美国康奈尔大学的英语教授。最初斯特伦克把它作为自己写作课的教材。
威廉·斯特伦克(William Strunk Jr.)
简洁,简洁,再简洁!重要的事情说三遍。
斯特伦克当年在课堂上反复地向学生强调,而年轻的E·B·怀特(E.B. White)也坐在其中。
怀特毕业后以写作为生,为《纽约客》写专栏文章,并写下了《夏洛的网》、《吹小号的天鹅》、《精灵鼠小弟》这三本著名的现代童话。
E·B·怀特(E.B. White)
读一段怀特对缅因州雪景的描写,不知你是否能感受到他平实、真诚又有点儿幽默的风格:
As I sat at table, gnawing away at a piece of pie, snow began falling. At first it was an almost imperceptible spitting from the gray sky, but it soon thickened and came driving in from the northeast.
当我坐在桌旁啃馅饼时,雪下起来了。起初雪小,从灰色天空中零星洒下,几不可见。很快雪就大了,从东北方向刮过来。
I watched it catch along the edge of the drive, powder the stone wall, dust the spruce, cover on the flower borders, coat the plowed land, and whiten the surface of the dark frozen pond, and I knew that all along the coast from Kittery on, the worst mistakes of men were being quietly erased, the lines of their industrial temples softened, and U.S. 1 crowned with a cold, inexpensive glory that DeVoto unhappily did not live to see.
望着它没过路沿儿,打在石墙上,装点云杉林,覆盖路旁花丛,给耕地披上外衣,染白黑色结冰的池塘,我知道从基特里城起的海岸线上,人们所犯下最坏的错误正在被静静地抹掉,他们的那些工业殿堂的轮廓已经模糊了,整个一号公路都被这雪免费蒙上了一层寒光。真可惜,德沃托没能活着看到这些。
——选自怀特1955年散文《归家》(Home-Coming)
1957年,已是美国著名散文家的怀特应出版社之邀,重新修订了老师的那本小书。随后,该书便一版再版,至今销量已过千万。
初读此书时,《风格的要素》这个中文书名让我有点儿摸不着头脑。在报社工作后才知道所有的出版机构都有自己的style来统一不同写作者的文字风格,称之为体例规则或许更好理解。
这本书提供的是一套适用于普遍英文写作的规则,所以称之为The Elements of Style。
在短短的100多页里,作者提出了:
✩ 11条基本的语法规则
✩ 11条标点及格式的注意事项
✩ 1份易错词语清单
✩ 11条写作原则
✩ 21条关于风格的建议
语法、标点和易错词这三个部分写得非常细致。适合通读一遍后,当做工具书来使用,碰到了相关的问题就拿出来查一查,这里不多赘述。
书中提到的一些英文写作原则我认为值得牢记,这里简单分享三条。
❶ 多用主动语态
Use the active voice.
同样表达一个意思,使用主动语态会让句子变得直接、简短、有活力。
来几组对比感受一下:
▷ 我会一直记得我的第一次波士顿之行。
My first visit to Boston will always be remembered by me.
I shall always remember my first visit to Boston.
▷ 落叶铺满了地面。
There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground.
Dead leaves covered the ground.
▷ 清晨,公鸡打鸣了。
At dawn the crowing of a rooster could be heard.
The cock's crow came with dawn.
▷ 健康原因迫使他退学。
The reason he left college was that his health became impaired.
Failing health compelled him to leave college.
▷ 她立马后悔说了那些话。
It was not long before she was very sorry that she had said what she had.
She soon repented her words.
❷ 删掉冗词赘句
Omit needless words.
生动有力的文章都很简洁。
Vigorous writing is concise.
一幅画上不应有多余的线条,一台机器不该有多余的零件。同理,一个句子不应有冗词,一个段落也不该有赘句。
A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts.
并不是所有的句子都得写短,也不是细节都得省掉只留主题大纲。而是说,要字字珠玑。
This requires not that the writer make all sentences short, or avoid all detail and treat subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.
不只是中国人,英美人士写文章也常会啰嗦。
作者认为“The fact that”就是一个常见的废话,只要出现就应该被删掉。
☞ owing to the fact that = since (because)
☞ in spite of the fact that = though (although)
☞ call your attention to the fact that = remind you
☞ I was unaware of the fact that = I did not know
☞ the fact that he had not succeeded = his failure
☞ the fact that I had arrived = my arrival
❸ 多用确切、具体、实在的语言
Use definite, specific, concrete language.
在英语写作中,具体好过笼统,确切优于模糊、实在胜过抽象。因为只有前者才能激起读者的兴趣。
Prefer the specific to the general, the definite to the vague, the concrete to the abstract.
所有伟大的作家——荷马、但丁、莎士比亚——都用细致的笔法来讲述故事。他们的文字如画。
The greatest writers — Homer, Dante, Shakespeare — are effective largely because they deal in particulars and report the details that matter. Their words call up pictures.
让我们举例来说:
A period of unfavorable weather set in.
一段令人不快的天气来了。
It rained every day for a week.
整个礼拜天天下雨。
He showed satisfaction as he took possession of his well-earned reward.
他对于自己获得了应有的报酬感到十分满意。
He grinned as he pocketed the coin.
把硬币放入口袋时,他笑了。
不知道你觉得这两组对比中,前后哪个句子更好?我觉得后者有种电影般的画面感。
怀特和他的老师推崇简明的写作。全书的前几章,作者都在以命令的口吻讲英语写作中什么是对的、什么是不对的,谈的都是英语的规范用法。
本书的最后一章“如何找到风格”(An Approach to Style)是怀特在修订此书时添加的,旨在讨论风格这一词更广的含义,即我们中国人所说的“文风”,并给出了一些如何形成风格的建议。
如何写出自己的风格?
关键在于我们要用文字准确、清晰地表达出真实的自我——我的观察、我的思考、我的推断、我的信念。
Young writers often suppose that style is a garnish for the meat of prose, a sauce by which a dull dish is made palatable. Style has no such separate entity; it is nondetachable, unfilterable.
年轻的写作者总以为风格是为文章内容增色的配菜,或是点几滴就能让无味的文章变得诱人的酱料。其实,风格是没有实体的,无法与文章分隔开的。
不是增加几个漂亮的形容词就能让干瘪的文章华丽起来,也不是卖几个萌就能使无聊的文章变得有趣,尽管似乎我们已经习惯这样写作。
The beginner should approach style warily, realizing that it is himself he is approaching, no other; and he should begin by turning resolutely away from all devices that are popularly believed to indicate style — all mannerisms, tricks, adornments.
初学者在追求写出风格上应当谨慎,要知道他在寻找的正是自己,而不是别人。应当决绝地与做作、技巧、修饰的写作手法说再见,尽管很多人认为那才是风格。
The approach to style is by way of plainness, simplicity, orderliness, sincerity.
要找到风格,需要的是平实、简单、有序、真诚。
但是,你可能会问,要是我天生就不是一个循规蹈矩的人,我还要遵循书中列出的那些条条框框吗?如果我就是喜欢咆哮体、唯美风,喜欢为赋新词强说愁呢?
怀特说:那就做你自己。但要知道那样写文章或许只是因为你懒惰。因为能用好的、规范的英语写作并不容易。
“Writing is an act of faith, not a trick of grammar.”
写作是表达信念,而不是玩弄文法。
似乎读到这本书的最后,怀特又推翻了前面所有的规则。
但就像习武之人,只有把所有招式套路都精通了,才可能在对决中剑走偏锋,奇招迭出;就像演员,只有把剧本里所有的台词都烂熟于心,才可能在表演的时刻挥洒自如;就像乐手,只有将谱子中的每个音符都练习过千万遍后,才可能在演奏时全情投入。
Style is the writer, and therefore what you are, rather than what you know, will at last determine your style.
风格是作者本身。文如其人,此言不差。
Full of belief, sustained and elevated by the power of purpose, armed with the rules of grammar, you are ready for exposure.
心中充满信念,目标让你振奋。再披上文法的铠甲,是时候写出你的风格了。
编辑:左卓
,