名词
1 专有名词(除冠词,介词等虚词外,第一个字母必须大写;当所有字母大写时,虚词也要大写):Green格林/the Yangtze River长江/THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
类别 |
定义 |
例词 | |
可数名词 |
个体名词 |
单个人/事物 |
book/key/student |
集体名词 |
一群人/一些事物 |
army/police/family/class/group/team | |
不可数名词 |
物质名词 |
无法分为个体的物质,材料的名词 |
water/wind/glass/steel/coffee/paper |
抽象名词 |
人或事物的品质,情感,状态,动作等抽象概念的名字 |
honesty/love/silence/life/age/duty |
2 普通名词:
3句法功能:
l The Moon is going to Sun(作主语)
l I like the Moon best(作宾语)
l Going to the sun is good for Moon(作介词宾语)
l We are making the Sun a better Sun(作宾语补足语)
l The Sun is being made a better Sun(作主语补足语)
l The Sun is a good Sun(作表语)
l You Moons come over here(作同位语)
l Will you please step this way,Mr.Moon?(作称呼语)
l Sorry,I am a Moons teacher,not an Suns teacher(作定语)
注意:多数情况下名词用单数形式作定语=>shoe factory/heart attack/blood type,但也有复数形式作定语的例子=>clothes shop/sports meet/glasses store
4 可数名词的数(规则复数):
l 一般直接在名词后加-s,清辅音后发[s], 浊辅音后发[z]
Stamp-stamps/stæmps/ bed-beds/bedz/
l 以/s//z//ʃ//ʒ//tʃ//dʒ/等音结尾的名词后 es,如词尾为e只 s,(e)s读[iz]
Class-classes/klæsiz/ bridge-bridges/bridʒiz/
l 以“辅音字母 o”结尾的名词,多数情况 es(某些外来词和缩写词pianos,photos等除外);以“元音字母 o”结尾的,一般 s.
Tomato-tomatoes/təˈmeɪtoʊz/ zoo-zoos/zu:z/
以-f(e)结尾的名词大多变f(e)为ves,读/vz/
Thief-thieves/θiːvz/ wolf-wolves/wʊlvz/
l 以“辅音字母 y”结尾的名词,大多变y为i es读/iz/(专有名词Marys/Henrys等除外);以“元音字母 y”结尾的直接 s读/z/。
Baby-babies/ˈbeɪbiz/ day-days/deɪz/
以th结尾的名词一般 s,一般读/ð/,注意也有发/θ/音不变的如month
Mouth-mouths/maʊðz/ month-months/mʌnθs/
4 可数名词的数(不规则复数):
l 变内部元音:Foot-feet man-men woman-women/ˈwɪmɪn/ tooth-teeth goose-geese mouse-mince/mɪns/
l 词尾 ren或en:child-children ox-oxen公牛
l 单复同形:fish means sheep deer Chinese Japanese
l 外来词:phenomenon-phenomena
l 集体名词的复数:只有复数形式的goods/clothes/trousers/shorts/glasses/socks;没有形式变化表复数意义的police/people/cattle;看侧重概念可表单数也可表复数的family/army/audience/government/public/team
l 合成名词的复数:Englishman-Englishmen/woman teacher-women teachers/passer by-passers by/brother in law-brothers in law/three girl students
l 同时具有2种复数形式:two penny两便士(便士的价值) two pennies两个便士(便士的个数);two fish(2条鱼) two different fishes(2种不同的鱼种) two people两个人 two peoples两个民族
5不可数名词的数(物质名词):泛指某种物质时不可数,但具体意义或特殊含义时可数,可用不定冠词等修饰,也可以有复数形式。
Tea茶--a tea一杯茶---two teas两杯茶 / glass玻璃--a glass一只玻璃杯--glasses眼镜 / beer啤酒--a beer一杯啤酒--two beers两杯啤酒/ rains多场雨 /snows多场雪/winds多场风/waters大片水域/woods大片树林/foods各种各样的食品/sands沙丘/
5不可数名词的数(抽象名词):表具体事物时可数,可加不定冠词,也可以有复数。
A pity令人感到遗憾的人或事,同样还有a pleasure/a success/a failure/ a surprise/a worry/a beauty等。注意再一些固定词组中,抽象名词也可用作可数名词如have/take a rest/catch a cold
5不可数名词的数(专有名词):一般是不可数,如表具体意义时也可数。
A Dick is asking to see you/we are working hard for a new Hunan/there are 3 Marys in my class
6,可数与不可数的区别:
1数的区别,可数名词可以计算,有单数和复数之分,不可数不可以计算且一般没有复数形式 2与冠词的关系,泛指的可数名词前可 a/an修饰,不可数不能 3与谓语动词的关系,可数名词单复数作主语时谓语用单复数;不可数作主语时,谓语要用单数,但不可数名词前有表示复数的单位词修饰时,谓语要用复数。 4修饰语的区别(详见本章“名词的修饰语”) 5提问方式的区别-可数名词的数量提问用how many,不可数用how much;对不可数名词前单位词的数量提问用how many=>how many glasses of water do you want?
7,名词的格:有主格,宾格和所有格3种,其中主格和宾格就是名词本身,所有格又分-’s所有格,of所有格和双重所有格3种。
l -’s所有格的构成: 1一般情况下在名词词尾加’s如Moon’s dream; 2如名词已有以s或es的复数结尾直接在其后加-’如Moons’dream/the factories’ workers; 3不以-s结尾的可数名词复数直接加-’s如Children’s toys/men's clothes
l -’s所有格的用法: 1两人或多人共有一个人或事物时只变化最后一个名词的词尾,如各自所有,各个名词的词尾都要变化Moon and Sun’s father(1个父亲)Moon’s and Sun’s father(2个父亲); 2表时间,距离,国家,地点,节日,自然现象等无生命的名词常用-’s所有格two days’ trip/ two hours’ work/China’s weather/Beijing’s streets/the earth’s atmosphere/the cat’s feelings/Mother’s Day; 3有时为避免重复,如果一个被-’s所有格修饰的名词上文已经提到过,或两个-’s所有格所修饰的词相同,往往可以省略第二个所有格后的名词it’s not Moon’s mistake,but Sun’s(mistake); 4表示某人的店铺,医院,学校,住宅及公共建筑时,-’s所有格后常常不出现它所修饰的名词。At the tailor’s(shop)在裁缝店/at the doctor's(office)在诊所at Moon’s(home)在穆恩家
of所有格:1表示无生命名词的所有关系“名词 of 名词”the capital of China,注意有生命的名词的-’s所有格和of所有格有时可以互换,如the girl’s name=the name of the girl 2名词化的形容词的所有关系用of所有格The life of the poor
双重所有格:“名词 of -’s所有格/名词性物主代词”,如在表示所属的名词前有冠词,数词,不定代词或指示代词时常用双重所有格形式来表示所属关系。Moon is a friend of my father’s / I gave him two photos of mine. 特别提示:a picture of Mr Moon’s穆恩拥有的一张照片 a picture of Mr Moon’s穆先生本人的照片
8名词的修饰语
表示数量的修饰语:1只修饰可数名词few,a few,several,many,a great/good many,a number of,a large/great number of,numbers of 2只修饰不可数名词 little,a little,much,a good/great deal of,a bit of 3都可修饰some,a lot of,lots of,plenty of,all,most
单位词作修饰语: 1 普通单位词,搭配能力最强的有piece,article,bit等a piece of music/an article of clothes一件衣服/a bit of water/an article of furniture/a bit of advice 2度量单位词,常见meter,inch,yard,foot,pound,kilo,ton,sum等(可数)a meter of cloth一米布/two feet of snow/a kilo of tomatoes 3容积单位词box,bag,basket,bottle,cup,glass,basin等,一般情况下可数和不可数都可以修饰 a box of sweets/a glass
of beer/a bottle of wine 4形状单位词bar,block,loaf,cake,drop,grain等a bar of chocalate/a loaf of bread/a block of ice 5集体单位词team,crowd,group,fleet等a team of players/a crowd of people 6 名词修饰语 a stone table/a goods train 7形容词修饰语a pretty girl/a sunny day 8副词修饰语the weather here/the picture below/the question above 9介词短语修饰语 a girl in clean clothes/a boy with thick glasses 10从句修饰语I like writers who write short stories 11注意有些成双成对出现的常用pair来修饰 a pair of shoes一双鞋/a pair of trousers一条长裤/a pair of socks一双短袜/a pair of pants一条短裤/a pair of glasses
,