分词

初中英语时态和用法(初中英语之分词)(1)

初中英语时态和用法(初中英语之分词)(2)

1.分词的形式

这里所讲的分词包括-ing分词和-ed分词,即传统意义上的现在分词和过去分词。现在分词由动词原形 -ing构成(如listening);过去分词通常由动词原形 -ed构成(如listened),但也有不规则形式(如go-gone)。现代英语的绝大多数都是规则动词,不规则的只是少数。

2.分词的基本用法

分词在句中通常可以用作表语、定语、补语和状语。下面按照现在分词和过去分词的用法分别作介绍。

现在分词的基本用法:

现在分词表示主动的意义;表示一般性的或正在进行的动作;在表现形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分,

1)作表语

现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的特征。例如:

This story is quite interesting.

The journey without you will be boring.

2)作定语

现在分词可以单独作定语,也可以构成合成词作定语,但在更多情况下是分词短语作定语,包括限定性和非限定性(用逗号与其他部分分开),在意义上相当于一个定语从句。现在分词作定语通常带有主动意义和未完成意义。例如:

The man following was obviously in a hurry.(现在分词单独作定语)

They acted just like a conquering army.(现在分词单独作定语)

Do you know the man standing over there by the door? (分词短语作限定性定语)

Last night,we caught a thief stealing John’s bike.(分词短语作限定性定语)

The name Nebraske comes from the Oto Indian word “ebrathka”,meaning flat water.(分词短语作非限定性定语)

3)作宾语补足语

a.表示感觉和心理状态的动词,如hear,feel,find,listen to,look at,watch,notice,observe,smell,see等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。例如:

I noticed him slipping away before the end of the meeting.

I can smell turkey roasting,and it's making me hungry.

b.表示“致使”等意义的动词,如catch,get,have,keep,leave,set等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。例如:

What I saw just now set me thinking of my childhood in the countryside.

Please don't keep the machine running while you are away.

4)作状语

现在分词作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作,它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。这时要注意现在分词与其逻辑主语在时态和意义上的统一。例如:

Rushing out of the room,he was knocked down by a car.(作时间状语)

= When he rushed out of the room,he was knocked down by a car.

Working harder,you will pass the entrance exam. (作条件状语)

= If you work harder,you will pass the entrance exam.

She sat at a window,reading a book.(作伴随状语)

=She sat at a window and read a book.

Having won the championship,he was awarded a million dollars.(作原因状语) =

Because he had won the championship,he was awarded a million dollars.

Even if taking a taxi,I will still be late for the meeting.(作让步状语)

= Even if take a taxi,I will still be late for the meeting.

The road is under construction,thus causing the delay. (作结果状语)

= The road is under construction,and thus caused the delay.

注意,当现在分词作让步状语时,一般放在句首,常常由although,though,even if, unless等连词引入;作结果状语时,一般放在句末,前面可以加so,thus,hence,thereby等副词。

过去分词的基本用法:

与现在分词不同,过去分词表示被动的意义,表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上,只有一种形式。

1)作表语

过去分词作表语表示主浯所处的状态。用作表浯的过去分词大多来自及物动词;不及物动词的过去分词能作表语的只限于少数表示位置转移的动词,如go,come,assemble等,它们用在连系动词之后,表示完成意义,无被动意义。例如:

The man looked quite disappointed.

He is greatly discouraged by her refusal.

His hair is nearly all gone.

已经形容词化了的过去分词大多可作表语,常见的有:accomplished,amazed,amused,astonished,broken,closed,completed,complicatcd, confused,crowded,devoted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,excited,frightened,hurt,interested,lost,satisfied,surprised, worried等。

做定语

a) 前置定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义。例如:

We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter.

= We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in the winter.

How many finished products have you got up to now?

= How many products that have been finished have you got up to now?

来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置定语,能作这样用的仅限以下几个词,这时仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义:

a retired worker = a worker who has retired

an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped

a faded/withered flower = a flower that has faded

the risen sun = the sun that has just risen

a returned student = a student who has returned

vanished treasure = treasure that has vanished

b)用作后置定语的过去分词通常也来自及物动词,表示被动意义和完成意义。这时相当于一个定语从句。例如:

Things seen are better than things heard.

= Things which are seen are better than things which are heard.

The lobster broiled over charcoal was delicious.

= The lobster which was broiled over charcoal was delicious.

做宾语补足语

a) see, hear, feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如:

Tom found himself involved in an awkward situation.

I saw Tom dressed like a beggar in the street.

Everybody thought the match lost until the last minute.

d) make, get, have, keep 等表示“致使”意义的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如:

I have my clothes washed everyday.

Don't get your schedule changed;stay with us in the class.

He’s trying to make himself understood.

Please keep us informed of the latest price.

c)like,want,wish,order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如:

We don't like such topics (to be) discussed in class.

I wish this problem (to be) solved this week.

4)作状语

用作状语的过去分词通常来自及物动词。过去分词用作状语时,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。过去分词作状语,前边往往可以加when, while, if,as if, though。一般说来,这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。例如:

Whenever praised,she blushes.(作时间状语)

= Whenever she is praised,she blushes.

United,we stand;divided,we fall.(作条件状语)

= If we are united,we stand;If we are divided,we fall.

Written in great haste,this book is full of errors.(作原因状语)

= Because this book is written in great haste,it is full of errors.Mary was reading a love story,completely lost to the romantic life.(作伴随状浯)

= Mary was reading a love story,and was completely lost to the romantic life.

Although born in Germany,John lives and works in U.S.A. (作让步状语)

= Although John was born in Germany,he lives and works in U.S.A.

3.分词的完成式及被动式

前面提到过,过去分词只有一种形式,所以这里所讲的完成式及被动式均指现在分词的完成式及被动式。

如果现在分词表示的是一般性动作,不表明动作的先后或与谓语动作同时发生,这时要用现在分词的一般形式。例如:

Living in the downtown,we found a lot of amusements.

如果现在分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生,就要用现在分词的完成式“(not) having 过去分词”。例如:

Having heard from my father,I was relieved.

Not having received any letter from my family,I was worried.

如果现在分词的逻辑主语是现在分词所表示的动作的对象,则要用现在分词的被动形式,包括其一般形式“(not) being 过去分词”和其完成形式“(not) having been 过去分词”。例如:

Upon being questioned,he denied having robbed the bank.

The new method,having been widely used abroad,can increase the working efficiency.

4.分词独立结构

如果过去分词或现在分词带有与句子主语不同的主语,这就构成了独立结构,也叫独立主格结构或垂悬结构,通常在句中起状语丛句的作用,表示原因、时间、条件、方式或伴随状况。例如:

The holidays being over,they began to get down to do their work again.(原因状语)

= As the holiday was over,they began to get down to do their work again.

All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.(条件状语)

= All things are considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.

His homework done,Johan went out to play. (时间状语)

= After his homework had been done,Johan went out to play.

The girl was smiling sweetly,her long hair flowing in the breeze.(伴随状语)

当独立结构表示伴随状况时,可变为由with引导的介词词组, 而表示否定意义的类似结构便可由without引导。例如上例可变为:

The girl was smiling sweetly with her long hair flowing in the breeze.

Without anyone noticing,I slipped out of the room.

独立结构的位置比较灵活,它可以置于句首、句中或句末。另外,独立结构中用作主语的名词之前的限定词有时可以省略。例如:

The manager sat quietly in his office,(his) eyes closed.

He stood in the doorway,(his) wet cloak dripping water on the rug,and waited for some sign of recognition.

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