世上本没有传说,有了文化记忆才产生传说。当这种传说依附于真实的历史人物,且这个人物又是一颦一笑、顾盼生辉的邻家女孩,那么这种传说便真切可感,令人津津乐道无穷期——西施的故事,就诞生于那段“生聚教训”的经典历史中。
西施其人
春秋战国时期,吴越两国互相攻伐。公元前494年,吴国击败越国,越王句践屈膝求和,随之入吴为人质。在吴服役之日,句践尝尽人间悲苦。为求生获释,低声下气,对吴王执礼极恭。越国政事由文种主持,外屈内躬,百般调和,并以重金贿赂吴国太宰伯嚭(pǐ)。公元前490年,吴国终于释放了囚禁三年的句践。
句践归国,发誓洗雪这奇耻大辱,便卧薪尝胆,广开言路,制定并实施九项兴越灭吴之策,其中第四术据“吴王淫而好色,宰嚭佞以曳心,往献美女,其必受之”的特点而制订。几经寻觅后,终于在诸暨苎萝山找到超尘脱俗的西施和郑旦。
西施,相传姓施,名夷光,世居诸暨苎萝山下(今浙江省诸暨市城南),苎萝山下有东西两村,夷光居西村,故名西施。苎萝山又名罗山,山不高而挺拔,林不茂而奇秀,苎叶苍翠,葛萝片片,因盛产“如丝之苎”,故名。浣江流经山下,略呈回流,复向东去。西施父卖柴为生,母浣纱为业,西施幼即浣纱,世称“浣纱女”,天生丽质,为绝世之美人。
郑旦,字修明,与西施同为苎萝山下女,居浣江东侧,亦美艳绝伦,与西施同时被选中。
句践践恐乡女鄙朴,就把她们安置到越国都城会稽(今绍兴)土城山,学习宫廷歌舞礼仪,三年乃成。并由范蠡将西施、郑旦护送到吴都苏州,献于吴王。夫差喜形于色:“越贡二女,乃句践之尽忠于吴之证也。”吴国重臣伍子胥据史引例,力谏不可纳贡。然夫差终不听谏,遂纳西施、郑旦为宠妃,沉溺其间,不能自拔。李白有诗感叹:“姑苏台上乌栖时,吴王宫里醉西施。吴歌楚舞欢未毕,青山欲衔半边日。”
显然,西施、郑旦是句践送给吴王极为重要的贡品。面对国亡家破之痛,兴越灭吴是越国上下一致的誓愿。从最低限度上说,作为青年女子,她们作出了自己所能作出的最大牺牲。毫无疑义,西施、郑旦为“十年生聚、十年教训”的复仇雪耻计划作出了历史性贡献。
关于西施的记载,首先散见于先秦诸子百家。《墨子》云:“西施之沉,其美也。”来到两汉,提到西施的书也很多。唐宋元明清各代史册地志,记载西施、郑旦不胜枚举,且多有浓墨重彩之笔。
西施、郑旦等人,在文物上也有体现。在越国故都绍兴出土的汉代“吴越人物画像铜镜”上,画面围绕吴越两国君臣人物展开,镜背以四分法分布,分别是吴王、伍子胥、越王和范蠡以及越女二人。吴王气愤填胸,侧目怒视伍子胥;伍子胥慷慨激昂,拔剑作自刎状;越女二人宽袖长裙,粉面含春,亭亭玉立于宝器旁;另一区间,越王句践和范蠡踌躇满志,洋洋自得。
而珍贵的青铜器吴王夫差盉,穿越两千多年的风云,于1995年款款进入专家视线。这件青铜器造型古朴典雅,上海博物馆以重金从香港引入内地。盉的肩上刻有铭文,是献给“无名女子”的礼品。春秋时的青铜器,均为上层贵族所独享,然该青铜器上并未标明女子姓名、称号,说明这个女子原本地位低下,但又为夫差所宠幸,这与西施的经历相吻合。专家们综合分析后认定,这是夫差送给西施的“爱情信物”。
当年,西施由越入吴,与范蠡相伴而行,一个柔肠百转,一个策马盘旋,步履迟迟、互道珍重,肩负重托、莫知我哀。那一幕幕荡气回肠、亘古流传的历史话剧就这样徐徐拉开帷幕。
西施之美
西施之美,在先秦诸子的文字中屡见。在《慎子》中,西施是天下最漂亮的女子。在《庄子》中,西施之美颜玉容被描写得栩栩如生。“西施病心而颦其里。其里之丑人见而美之,归亦捧心而颦其里。”西子捧心,东施效颦,这个对比鲜明的成语就由此而来。
《孟子》认为,即使美如西施,也应爱怜,否则“西子蒙不洁,人皆掩鼻而过之”。体察这句话,还有一层含义值得重视:对西施的尊敬。孟子并不仅限于其美艳,“子”这个称呼,即使用在男人身上也是难得的尊称。然孟子却将“子”加诸一介“浣纱女”,可谓尊荣复尊荣,开启百代崇敬之路。
时光流逝,纵贯千年,大才子苏东坡横空出世。这位杭州太守面对西湖触景生情,别有意味地将西湖形象升华,于是有了“欲把西湖比西子,淡妆浓抹总相宜”这一千古名句,巧妙地把中国人的景观审美习惯,有机糅合到天人合一的哲学境界。从此“西子湖”的美称流播八方,西施与山水美景交融相伴,互相成就永恒。
西施影响的广泛深远,形象的真实丰满,借助于文学作品栩栩如生的描绘,深入人心。
东晋王嘉《拾遗记》描写了西施、郑旦的惊世容颜。吴国将西施、郑旦“处于椒花之房,贯细珠为帘幌,朝下以蔽景,夕卷以待月,吴王夫差目之,若双鸾之在轻雾,沚水之漾秋蕖。”
《全唐诗》录存唐进士王轩与西施对吟,可谓足够浪漫。王轩跋山涉水来到诸暨,云游苎萝山,泊舟浣纱溪,凝视浣纱石,坠入其中而不能自拔,乃趁兴题诗石上:“岭上千峰秀,江边细草春。今逢浣纱石,不见浣纱人。”西施闻声,飘然现形,答曰:“妾自吴国还越国,素衣千载无人识。当日心比金石坚,今日为君坚不得。”这跨越时空的两情相悦,比之当下历史穿越剧毫不逊色。
至元代,许多敷演西施史事的杂剧出现,其中首推关汉卿《姑苏台范蠡进西施》。而伊世珍的《瑯嬛记》则将西施写得“妙不可言”:身体散发异香,每次沐浴完毕,宫人争先恐后把西施沐浴之水存放到缸里,然后用松枝蘸着,洒到门窗板壁上,顿时香气满室。
明代诸暨的《苎萝西子志》,汇集了江浙数十位知府知县,还有翰林、尚书和一大批进士、举人的诗文。这176位饱学之士,摹其明眸善睐之风韵,状其颦眉捧心之丰仪,洋洋洒洒,共同为西施唱一曲千古赞歌。卷首为开国皇帝朱元璋的《天生两奇绝》五言古诗,把西施、郑旦提到一个前所未有的高度。有了“皇恩浩荡”,此书自然不同凡响,穿越岁月风烟,依然厚重扎实。
明代戏剧家梁辰鱼的《浣纱记》,运用高超的笔力描绘,使西施的形象更为丰满,情节更加生动:西施不仅是一个美人,而且以范蠡未婚妻的身份出现;西施带着越国君主的重托和群臣的希望出使吴国;以细腻的笔法刻画了西施如何从一介浣纱少女,成长为具有爱国情操的女性。
至清代,曹雪芹的《红楼梦》借西施之美写林黛玉:“病如西子胜三分”,转而进一步形象描述:“闲静如姣花照水”,“行动似弱柳拂风”。由林黛玉而至西施,在描绘了林妹妹凄绝身世的同时,再次使西施家喻户晓,妇孺皆知。
民国初期《西施全传》描述范蠡寻觅到西施:“范蠡微行数日,渐渐入诸暨之境,迤逦向苎萝村而来……正在彷徨之际,瞥睹茅舍中有一二八丽人,盈盈而出,不禁双目直视,手舞足蹈。即此惊鸿一现之中,觉其明眸皓齿,秀媚天成,其艳丽之状,直非口舌所能形容。私心窃喜,自念若此美人,可称倾国,此行不虚矣。”
影响广泛的四大美女之说,虽在宋代就有,但与现在公认的西施、王昭君、貂蝉、杨玉环还有出入,直至清代华广生《白雪遗音》一书,“四美”才最终定型。不过,如再溯源,描述西施“沉鱼落雁”之貌,在初唐诗人宋之问的《浣纱篇》中已然出现:“鸟惊入松萝,鱼畏沉荷花”。西施在四大美女中名气最大,影响最广,终归还是历史轨迹造成。
西施之路
西施、郑旦在苎萝山被选中,从诸暨出发,经水路至今萧山临浦中转,到达会稽学习礼仪。在礼仪“培训”完毕后,由越国献于吴国:从绍兴经萧山、德清、桐乡、嘉兴、湖州、吴县,直抵吴国都城苏州,走走停停,迤逦而进。后人为追念西施,在其沿途所经之处形成了各种纪念古迹。
从这些古迹中,可以找到几个特点。第一,诸暨境内西施古迹多反映她成长劳作生活,如苎萝村、浣纱石、浣纱溪、西施坊等。第二,诸暨以外的多反映西施化妆打扮,与其身份由浣纱女子变成宫中贵妃有关。第三,即或同样纪念西施的庙殿古迹,诸暨与萧山、吴中的称呼、内涵不同,命运不一。在诸暨的,称浣纱庙、西子祠、西施殿,以浣纱女和西施本名称呼,显示出她在故乡时的本来身份。在萧山的俗称“娘娘庙”,因为西施已由“农家女”升级成王妃“娘娘”。
诸暨的西施古迹多有文献印证。声望卓著的南宋《嘉泰会稽志》除多处转录古书外,还专题写明诸暨西施古迹产生的原因,并与其他地方结合起来写。该书在记载了诸暨“西施坊”“范邻坊”、新昌“康乐坊”、萧山“招贤坊”等等之后作了溯源:“若诸暨之西施、范邻,萧山之招贤、清风,新昌之康乐,盖古迹尤著尔。”
萧山西施庙的和尚讲过庙宇由来:有一年,浦阳江发大水,从上游诸暨漂下来许多木头,其中一根漂到萧山上、下潭的地方搁住了。捞上来一看,是一段香樟木。上面竟刻着“西施”两个大字。大家议论开了,说一定是上天叫西施娘娘到这里来食人间香火。于是请来了最好的工匠,用这段香樟雕刻了供像,在打捞香木的地方建起了西施庙。
德清的蠡山,桐乡的濮绸,嘉兴的西施妆台,湖州的洗粉㘰,宜兴的西施洞,苏州的香水溪、灵岩山等地的西施古迹,历历可数,那一串串故事,在岁月风云中凝结飘洒。
当然,关于浣纱祠庙、苎萝村的古迹,作为西施故乡的诸暨自然岁月久远,且一直是人们感慨吟诵的对象。如唐代女诗人鱼玄机咏诸暨的《浣纱庙》,堪称千古绝唱。宋代秦观《越州怀古》:“天际识归舟,泛五湖烟月,西子同游。茂草荒台,苎萝村冷起闲愁。”描述“苎萝村”已荒草萋萋,寂寞荒凉。明弘治绍兴府官员戴冠将“溪上西子祠,溪边浣纱石”对照写来。再从明《苎萝西子志》绘图可以窥见,苎萝山下,浣江东流,苎萝山上,殿宇相接。20世纪40年代初,日本侵略军侵入中国腹地,诸暨县城遭敌机轰炸,千年古迹西施殿毁于炸弹……然千百年来,西子祠庙屡毁屡建,绵延不断。1985年,诸暨县人民政府顺应民心,作出在苎萝山原址重建西施殿的决定,至1990年正式落成开放。如今浣江东侧的“西施故里”与浣江西侧的“西施殿宇”隔江而立,相映成辉,成为缅怀这“东方圣女”的最好场所。
相比之下,西施浣纱石较为幸运,相传王羲之手书的“浣纱”摩崖石刻,历经岁月风霜,依然傲立浣纱江畔。李白的“未入吴王宫殿时,浣纱古石今犹在”诗句,平添浣纱石的沧桑厚重。明历史学家李清临江怅望,凭吊浣纱石,慨然叹息:“予凝目石旁,见‘浣纱’两字。睹物思人,泛迹览古,虽倾国倾城,宛是当年玉人乎。”
探幽揽胜,人同此心。古往今来,骚人迁客、学士名流,纷纷前往苎萝山、浣纱溪,如王羲之、孔灵符、李太白、元微之、崔道融、鱼玄机,施肩吾、罗隐、秦少游、王十朋、杨维桢、王思任、袁宏道、海瑞、徐文长、陈洪绶,以及近代于右任、郁达夫、范长江、赵忠尧、沙孟海等都寻觅过西施的芳踪。
西施下落
越灭吴以后,西施的下落如何?说法有多种,其中以“西施随范蠡泛五湖而去”之说,影响最大,传播最广。
唐陆广微《吴地记》是早期地方史志,此书引述古书所载及西施下落云:“西施亡吴国后,复归范蠡,同泛五湖而去。”《史记》载:“范蠡既雪会稽之耻,乃乘扁舟,浮于江湖,变名易姓。”李白有“句践征绝艳,扬蛾入吴关……一破夫差国,千秋竟不还”的诗句。苏东坡也持这种看法:“五湖问道,扁舟归去,仍携西子。”王十朋甚至讲了范蠡携西施泛舟而去的原因:“久与君王共苦辛,功成身退肯浚巡。五湖渺渺烟波阔,谁是扁舟第一人。”而梁辰鱼《浣纱记》则是这样处理:范蠡挽携西施,捧着订亲信物——着一缕苎纱,驾一叶扁舟泛于五湖,任飘摇天南海西,不知所终。
以上诸说一脉相承,加之中国的传统观念中有着“有情人终成眷属”和“英雄美人大团圆”的肥沃土壤,故而范蠡载美泛湖,在西施下落诸说中占据主导地位。
还有其他几种说法:
西施被沉江而死说。战国《墨子·亲士篇》说:“西施之沉,其美也。”《墨子》这段话,为迄今所见关于西施结局的最早记载。明代状元杨慎引经据典,说古书上载:吴亡后,越浮西施于江,令随鸱夷以终。这里的“浮”实为“沉”之意,而“鸱夷”本义是“革囊”。当年伍子胥被赐死,命将伍子胥尸体盛于“革囊”随江浮沉,盖因西施导致夫差昏庸所致。故越王赐西施死,亦盛以“革囊”,以同样的方式让西施困于囊中随水漂流,逐浪沉没。只不过伍子胥那时已气绝身亡,而西施还是鲜活亮丽,手法更为残酷。
《红楼梦》第六十四回,曹雪芹运用对比手法借林黛玉之口说出:“一代倾城逐浪花,吴宫空自忆儿家。效颦莫笑东村女,头白溪边尚浣纱。”表达的意思很清楚:一代倾城美女已随浪而逝,只有东村效颦女子平安白头至今。真所谓红颜者薄命矣!
《东周列国志》的说法有了变化:句践夫人出于女人之妒,不容置西施于越王之旁。“句践班师回越,携西施而归。越夫人潜使人引出,负以大石,沉下江中,曰‘此亡国之物,留之何为’。”
西施归隐山林说。越国得胜归来,西施不恋荣华富贵,恳求回家侍奉双亲,终老山林。后在浣纱时失足落水而亡,想必是宫中盘桓多年,当年娴熟技艺荒废所致。宋之问亦说:“一朝还旧都,倩装寻若耶。鸟惊入松萝,鱼畏沉荷花。”此处所云“旧都”,即指越国原都城诸暨,以区别于后来迁到会稽的新都城会稽。串连这些诗句,西施“归隐山林”之说呼之欲出。
关于西施的下落,虽有诸说,但或浮或沉,或隐居湖畔,或失足落水,都没有离开江湖河水。看来,这位自幼与水为伴的浣纱女子,最终还是在流水中找到归宿,岂非命运使然?
Xi Shi the Beauty: Legend of 2,000 Years and More
Xi Shi (506BC-?), now part of cultural signatures of Zhejiang, was one of the renowned Four Beauties of ancient China. She was said to have lived during the end of the Spring and Autumn period in Zhuji, the capital of ancient State of Yue. Her legend is not wholly about her beauty, but largely about her engagement in a long-term strategy of the Yue State to take a revenge on its arch-enemy Wu State. She is said to have contributed to the eventual downfall of the Wu State.
King Goujian of Yue was defeated in a war and then imprisoned by King Fuchai of Wu. Yue later became a tributary state to Wu. Secretly planning his survival and comeback and revenge, Goujian’s minister Wen Zhong came up with a set of strategies. One of the plots was to train beautiful women and offer them to the King of Wu State as a tribute (knowing Fuchai could not resist beautiful women). Fan Li, another minister of King Goujian, found Xi Shi and Zheng Dan, two young girls from Zhuji, and gave them to Fuchai in 490BC.
In 1995, Shanghai Museum purchased a bronze object from Hong Kong. The object was a gift traced back to King Fuchai of the Wu State. It was a gift from the king to a woman whose origin of family and name were not important enough to be engraved on the bronze piece. Experts conjectured that it was a gift from Fuchai to Xi Shi.
The beauty of Xi Shi has been discussed in historical literature since pre-Qin times. Zhuangzi (369-286BC) and Mencius (c. 372-c. 289 BC), two greatest scholars of that time, mentioned Xi Shi in their respective works. Xi Shi as a symbol of beauty has appeared in poems and essays over the last 2,000 years. Su Dongpo (1037-1101), presumably the greatest poet of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), compared West Lake to Xi Shi (known as Xi Zi as first called so by Mencius). Since then, West Lake has been widely considered named after the beauty.
She has also appeared in quite a few opera plays since the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368). In the Ming (1368-1644) 176 scholars and government officials put together a book of poems and essays singing of Xi Shi the Beauty.
And Xi Shi has been a beauty in various folktales. A long time ago, the route she took to travel from Zhuji to Suzhou, the capital of the State of Wu, was determined by folk historians. Nowadays, the cities and counties on her way northward have historical sites in honor of her. Visit these historical sites, and you can well imagine why they were named after Xi Shi.
In Zhuji, there are many historical sites in memory of the local beauty of national renown. Some of these memorial sites date back to the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279). Zhuji has a Xi Shi memorial temple. And Xiaoshan, previously a rural county adjacent to Zhuji and now part of Hangzhou, also has a Xi Shi memorial temple. Yu Xuanji (844-871), a woman poet in the Tang Dynasty (618-906), wrote a poem about the temple in honor of the beauty. Qin Guan (1049-1100), a poet of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), wrote a poem about his visit to Shaoxing. He mentioned Xi Shi and her home village Zhuluo. The temple was destroyed in the 1940s by Japanese bombs. It was not until 1985 a restoration project was launched to build the temple on the previous site at the foot of Zhuluo Hill. The temple on the western bank of Huansha River was open to the public in 1990. Now on the eastern riverbank of Huansha River is a site presenting the home village of Zhuluo.
Fortunately, Huansha (fabric washing) in the handwriting of Wang Xizhi (303-361), presumably the greatest calligrapher in the history of China, is still there on a cliff surface. Wang Xizhi isn’t the only ancient great who left his art there. Historical accounts document more than 20 great ancients and modern men of letters who visited Zhuji in honor of Xi Shi.
Historians do not know where Xi Shi was buried. They don’t know when and how she passed away. Different stories indicate different fates of the beauty. In the Tang Dynasty, Lu Guangwei wrote in a regional history that Xi Shi retired to a life with Fan Li, a minister of King Goujian. Nobody knew where she retired. Her happy life after working undercover in the enemy’s kingdom and helping topple the kingdom was born out of the ideal that heroes retire to a quiet and safe and enjoyable life after colossal success. In contrast to the happy ending for the beauty, there are some tragic stories. She was executed by drowning in a river. According to Mozi (479-381BC), another great scholar of the pre-Qin centuries, she was killed because somebody was jealous of her.
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