初中英语语法第9季：动词
动词分类：
实义动词：具有完整意义，可单独作谓语，表主语的动作，状态和品质
·不及物动词（动词后不能跟宾语的动词，英语中绝大多数都没有分及物或不及物，纯不及物动词很少）
Appear出现，arrive到达，come来，go去，run跑，happen发生，rise升高，stay停留，sit坐，lie躺，stand站立，flow流动，apologize道歉
·及物动词（动词后能跟宾语的动词，可分为跟单宾语，跟双宾语和跟复合宾语的3种及物动词）
1，跟单宾语的及物动词：borrow借，enjoy喜欢，put放，worry使担心，forget忘记，guess猜测，love热爱，use运用
2，跟双宾语的及物动词（常借助to和for）：offer提供，give给，hand递，pass递，pay付款，read读，return返还，sell卖，show展示，teach教，tell告诉，post邮寄 |buy买，choose选择，draw画，find发现，cook做饭，fetch拿来，make制作| do做，play表演，read读，get得到，sing唱歌，bring带来
I returned him the book=I returned the book to him
I’ll find you another chance=i’ll find another chance for you
i'll get you some tea=i'll get you some tea to/for you
He asked me some questions
I wish you a happy journey
3,跟复合宾语的及物动词：有些动词只跟宾语意义不完整，宾语后必须再加上补足语，来补充说明宾语的性质，状态。
We all believe him honest and kind（形容词或短语作补足语，类似还有drive驱使，find发现，get使，keep使保持，leave留下，make使，consider认为）
The parents named their daughter Lily（名词或短语作补足语，类似还有call叫，appoint任命，make任命）
Mother often tells me to make friends carefully（to不定式作补足语，类似还有 advise建议，allow允许，ask要求，expect期望，invite邀请，get使，order命令，tell告诉，teach教，remind提醒，warn警告，want想要）
I believe what you said to be true（to be 名词或形容词作补足语，类似还有 consider认为，feel感觉，find发现，suppose猜测，prove证明，declare宣布，think认为）
What made you think of that？/Paul doesn't have to be made to learn（非to不定式作补足语，变被动要加to；类似还有have使，make使，let让，see看见，notice注意到，feel感受到，watch注视，observe观察，discover发现，hear听见）
Can you hear someone playing the piano next door?(Ving形式作补足语，类似还有see，hear，keep，catch发现，find，have使，watch注视，observe，discover，get，feel，notice）
I couldn't make myself heard by all the listeners(V-ed形式作补足语，类似还有have使，get使，make使，find发现）
You can keep this book as your own（as/for...介词短语作补足语，类似好友regard看作，consider认为，use当作...用，keep把...当作）
Can I ask Bob in？/Show the visitor in,Please（副词作补足语，类似还有get使，find发现，let让，see看见，order命令，invite邀请）
注意：make作“使，使得”讲时，一般用于“make 宾语 宾补”结构常用句型有：
Spring makes people happy（多表情感sad，tired，worried或状态rich，strong，attractive，ill，nervous等词）
They all want to make Jim monitor（使某人/某物成为...)
His mother made him study hard(使某人/某物做或不做某事）
To make himself understood，he tried to give the talk in simple English（使某人/某事被...)
连系动词：链接主语和表语，表示主语身份，性质，状态的动词，成为连系动词，不能单独作谓语，必须和表语连用，构成系表结构
·状态连系动词（常用be）
She is a good swimmer
·持续连系动词（stand持续，lie保持，keep保持，stay保持，continue继续，remain保持等）
The wether continued hot after the rain
The house stood empty for years
·表象连系动词（“看起来”seem，appear）
He seems to be very angry
·感官连系动词（表人的感觉，look看起来，feel摸起来，taste尝起来，smell闻起来，sound听起来）
The look cool
What food tastes dilicious？
·表转变/结果的连系动词（become变得，get变得，grow长得，turn变得，go变得，fall变得，prove证明）
Children fall asleep easily
The weather is becoming warmer and warmer
延续性动词和非延续性动词
·延续性动词：表一种可持续的行为过程或状态
Drink喝，eat吃，fly飞，have有，keep保持，know直到，lie躺，live住，play玩，rain下雨，read读，run跑，sing唱，sleep睡觉，smoke抽烟，snow下雪，stand站，talk说，wait等，walk走，wear穿，work工作，write写，sit坐
·非延续性动词：表短暂瞬间完成的行为或过程
Arrive到达，begin开始，borrow借，buy买，break弄坏，close关闭，come来，die死，fall落下，go走，hit击打，jump跳，leave离开，lose丢失，marry结婚，open打开，put放，start开始，stop停止，join加入
·延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法区别
1，延续性动词可表一段时间的状语修饰，而非延续性动词不可以
How long can I keep the book？
They will work here till next Friday
2，有时，非延续性动词也能同表一段时间的状语搭配，但这种状语实际上是表示一段时间内的某个时间点。
The performance will start in half an hour
The fire broke out during the night
3，非延续性动词不在while引导的时间状语从句中作谓语
While I came home，she was cooking dinner（×）
When I came home，she was cooking dinner（√）
4，延续性动词表一时的动作时，可以再前面加get/begin to等
When did you get to know him？
They began to see that they had made a serious mistake
5，非延续性动词的否定式可以用表示一段时间的状语
We haven't come here for ages
The rain hasn't stopped since three hours ago
常用的延续性动词和非延续性动词的对照：
情态动词：本身有各种意义，不能单独作谓语，表说话人的语气，情绪或态度，一般没有人称和数的变化
·Can/could的用法
1，表能力（体力，知识，技能等方面的能力，could表过去的能力
Can you play basketball？-no，I can't
注意：
I could/was able to swim well when i was only six years old（泛指过去的能力时，could和was able to 通用）
I could hardly understood her Japanse，but I was able to read her face（指过去某时设法做成某时不用could）
If you travel in almost any other country in the world，you will still be able to use English（be able to有更多时态）
2，表推测（意为“可能”，约=may，could可表过去 现在的可能性，比can弱，一般can不用于肯定句，could全能）
Who can/may it be？It is so late
It couldn't be Uncle Wang. He won't be back that time in the evening
3，表请求，允许（can=may，但口语常用can；could不表过去，只表示委婉地提出请求/想法/建议，回答时用can）
You can/may take both，if you want
Could you tell me the way to the post office？
Can/Could I ask you a question？-Of course,you can
·may/might的用法
1，表能力（体力，知识，技能等方面的能力，could表过去的能力
Can you play basketball？-no，I can't
注意：
I could/was able to swim well when i was only six years old（泛指过去的能力时，could和was able to 通用）
I could hardly understood her Japanse，but I was able to read her face（指过去某时设法做成某时不用could）
If you travel in almost any other country in the world，you will still be able to use English（be able to有更多时态）
2，表推测（意为“可能”，约=may，could可表过去 现在的可能性，比can弱，一般can不用于肯定句，could全能）
Who can/may it be？It is so late
It couldn't be Uncle Wang. He won't be back that time in the evening
3，表请求，允许（can=may，但口语常用can；could不表过去，只表示委婉地提出请求/想法/建议，回答时用can）
You can/may take both，if you want
Could you tell me the way to the post office？
Can/Could I ask you a question？-Of course,you can
·may/might的用法
1，表请求，允许（比can/could更正式，might含试探和犹豫不决，表给与/许可时一般用may不用might；may not用来表示拒绝/禁止）
May/Might I have a few words with your manager，please？
I think you may drive my car，but be careful
Students may not stay out after midnight
2，表推测（可能性might<may<can; might可作may的过去式也可替代may说明现在的情况)
We may go camping this Saturday
Peter might phone,if he does,could you ask him to ring later
He may come or may not come，i'm not sure（可能不）
He can't believe your so-called excuse（不可能）
·must/have to的用法：must的否定形式时must not/mustn't，只有一种时态，have to有多种时态，如下：
1，表“必须，一定要”多指现在或将来，主观语气，肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn't或don't have to
I must go now，or I’ll be late主观必须
You mustn’t speak like that主观必须不要
I have to go now. My mom is expecting me.客观必须
You don’t have to get up early客观不必须
Must I go with them？-Yes, you must/ -NO,you needn’t(Don’t have to也行)
2，表推测（用在肯定句中，非常有把握，否定推测用can't，疑问推测用can
She must have some problems.She keeps cring
What do you think this letter can mean？
It can't be Father. He hasn't returned from work
·shall的用法
1，征求意见：第一人称/第三人称的疑问句
Shall I/We/He write on our poster？
2，许诺，命令，警告：第二人称/第三人称的陈述句
You/He shall be rewarded
3，规则，条令，法律等规定：第三人称的陈述句
The students shall wear school uniforms in the school
·should的用法（约=be supposed to do“被期望，本应”）
1，责任/义务
You should be more careful next time
2，推测（根据一定依据推测“按理说应该”）
She should pass her final exam
·will/would的用法
1，意愿/自愿/主动（提出做某事，will现在，would过去）
I will/would help you
2，请求（第二人称疑问句，would比will更委婉客气）
will/Would you come this way，please？
3，will表规律性的“注定会”
Man will die without air
4，习惯/特征（will现在，would过去，带有主观性“总是”）
Betty and I may not get to see each other often but we will always be best friends
When he was young，he would often swim in this river
5，would like的用法
I would like some cakes我想要些蛋糕
I would like to have a cup of tea我想喝杯茶
I’d like you to do your homework now我想让你现在就做作业
Would you like some coffee？-Yes,please/-No,thanks
Would you like to go out for a walk?-Yes,I’d like to/-I’d like to,but...
·used to的用法
1，基本用法（“过去常常”跟动词原形，过去存在的状态或习惯性动作，目前已不复存在，侧重于过去与现在对比，used无人称时态变化）
We used to go there every year我们以往每年都会去那里
Tina is not what she used to be蒂娜已不再是过去的她了
2，否定句式（didn't use to或used not to）
She didn't use to/used not to/usedn't to play computer games她过去不常玩游戏
3，一般疑问句式（Did sb use to...?/Used sb to...?)
Did you use to/Used you to play football?
4,反义疑问句（用didn't或usedn't）
He used to go out for a walk，didn't/usedn't he？-Yes,he did/Yes,he used to(-No,he didn’t/No,he usedn’t to)
5,与be used to do/doing易混淆的对比
We are used to going there我们习惯了去那儿（那里有什么神奇的东西让我能习惯）
We are used to go there我们被xx利用了去那里
6，had better的用法（劝告/建议，跟动词原形，“你最好...”，对长辈/上级不宜使用）
You’d better do so quickly你最好快点去做
You’d better not do so你最好别这么做
Had I better/Had I better not do so？我最好这么做/不这么做吗？
·need的用法
1，情态动词（否定 疑问 条件句，疑问句肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn't）
Need I tell him everything？-Yes you must/No,you needn’t
You needn’t tell him everything
2,实义动词（有人称数变化，跟名词，代词，to不定式等，否定/疑问式和普通动词变化一样）
I need to go to Beijing this morning
Do I need to tell him everything？-Yes you need to/No,you don’t need to
He needs to tell him everything
·dare的用法
1，情态动词（疑问/否定/条件句）
Dare he tell him everything？
I’m afraid you dare not/daren’t tell him everything
2,实义动词（有人称数变化，肯定句跟to不定式，否定/疑问句可不要to
I suppose he dares to tell him everything
He doesn't dare（to）tell him everthing
Do you dare（to）tell him everyhing？
助动词（本身没有意义，只是帮实义动词完成某些语法功能，如时态，语态，构成否定句，疑问句，简略答语等，主要有be/have/do/shall/will等。
·be动词的用法，变化形式如下：
1， 现在分词=进行时态
I’m playing an interesting game
I was having dinner when my phone rang
2, 过去分词=被动语态
You are wanted on the phone你的电话
The work has already been finished工作已经做完了
·have的用法（ 过去分词=完成时态）
Have you ever been to Mexico？
I haven't heard from her since she left China
·do的用法（构成否定/疑问句， 在动词原形前加强语气，代替前面出现的动词避免重复）
I like coffee，but my parents don't
Do you often drink coffee？-Yes, I do
I didn't know you were coming
She doesn't know my telephone number
Did you see the film last night？
Do come tomorrow
I did stay there for a couple of days
·will/would/shall/should的用法（will/shall一般将来时，各种人称；would/should过去将来时，主要第一人称）
We’ll meet at the same place we did last time
Will the film be played next week?
Some boys won’t join in the get-together tomorrow
They said it would be fine the next day
Perhaps I shall pay a visit to England this summer
We shan’t be coming back today
We thought we should never see you again
·动词的形式（五种：动词原形/一现三单/过去式/过去分词/现在分词）
·一般现在时的第三人称单数的构成：
·规则动词过去式/过去分词的构成（过去式=>一般过去式；过去分词=>现在完成时/过去完成时/被动语态）
注意：动词一般现在时第三人称单数发音规律和名词复数形式发音规律一致；动词的过去式和过去分词发音规律为：1，再清辅音后发/ t/，如helped/helpt/，finished/ˈfɪnɪʃt/，stopped/stɒpt/ 2，元音/浊辅音后读/d/,如stayed/steɪd/，agreed/əˈɡriːd/，planned/plænd/； 3，辅音/ t//d/后读/id/，如wanted/ˈwɒntɪd/，needed/ˈni:dɪd/
·现在分词的构成（主要用在进行时/过去进行时）
短语动词（由2个或以上的词一起构成的一个短语==一个动词，称为短语动词
·动词 副词
1，有的相当于不及物动词，不带宾语
Break out爆发，break up分解，come up出现，fall behind落后，get along进展，get up起床，give in 屈服，grow up长大，hold on等一会儿，pass away去世，run out用光，start off出发，watch out当心，go back回去，go ahead开始干
1，有的相当于及物动词，要带宾语（宾语是人称代词放中间，名词/短语无所谓）
Find out查明，get in收割庄稼，hold up支撑，put off推迟，put on穿上，put out扑灭
Put up建造，pick up捡起，turn off关闭，turn down调低，turn in上交，turn up出现，work out计算出，throw away扔掉，look through翻查
·动词 介词（相当于及物动词 宾语）
Break into闯入，care for照顾，come across偶然发现，laugh at嘲笑，look after照顾，look into调查，look for寻找，stand for代表，wait for等候
·动词 副词 介词
Get away from摆脱，get along with相处融洽，get through to与...通话，keep away from远离，look forward to期盼，run out of用光
·动词 名词
Make the bed铺床，make faces做鬼脸，lose heart灰心，lose interest失去兴趣，lose weight减肥，take care当心，take exercise锻炼，take place发生，make sense有意义
·动词 名词 介词
Make friends with与...交朋友，make fun of取笑，make room for为...腾出地方，make use of利用，take care of照顾，take part in参加
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