在科学写作中,下列哪个句子是正确的?

  1. The students who we interviewed were all postgraduates.
  2. The students that we interviewed were all postgraduates.
  3. The students whom we interviewed were all postgraduates.
  4. The students which we interviewed were all postgraduates.

假设四个句子在“The students”和“were all postgraduates”之间都包含限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句与名词(students)关系密切,但对名词起到限定的作用,使名词的含义更明确,从而暗示还有其他学生,但他们没有接受采访。

只能用who不能用that(你知道什么时候使用)(1)

虽然句子(1)在口语中是可以接受的,但句子(3)才是正式的书面形式,因为“students” 实际上是主语-动词“we interview”的宾语。因此,需要使用句子中作关系代词的人称代词的宾语形式(即“whom”)。“Who”用于在限定性定语从句中修饰人,在从句中做动词的主语:主动语态(“The students who replied…”)或被动语态(“The students who were interviewed in this study…”)。在后一种情况下,可以把“interviewed”当作一个形容词。

类似的规则也适用于前后带逗号非限定性定语从句。“Who”在主动语态中作宾语时:“The students, whom we interviewed, were all postgraduates”;“Who”在被动语态中做主语时:“The students, who were interviewed in this study, were all postgraduates”)。在这种情况下,定语从句提供的是额外的信息,可以删除而不改变意思,并且暗示没有其他学生。

在正式的写作中,在限定性定语从句中可以使用“that” 替代宾格的关系代词“whom”,参看句子(2)和句子(3)。在非正式的写作中,可以省略关系代词而简化定语从句(“The students we interviewed…”)。

最后,句子(4)是错误的,因为“which”通常用于非限定性定语从句,在指代做主语的事物时,从句前后需用逗号隔开(“The replies,which came from five students,were studied”);在指代做宾语的事物时,用一个逗号隔开(“We studied the replies,which came from five students.”)。在这两个句子的意思中,都没有其他“replies”。

扩展知识小贴士

下面哪个选项是正确的?

A similar (1) principle / (2) principal applies for non-defining relative clauses.

两个名词发音相同。在这句话里,选项处指的是一个规则(rule),所以(1)是正确的。注意名词rule和principle 都以”-le”结尾。principal 意思是级别最高的人,可以通过注意principal末尾有“pal”这个词来记住这一点。principal也是一个形容词,意思是最重要的,还有个名词意思是资本。

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