懿说学区（3） | SPSS统计分析（12）假设检验（一）
Yishuo school district (3) | SPSS statistical analysis (12) hypothesis test (I)
统计SPSS
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今天，我们来讲述统计学中的一个非常重要的概念——假设检验，什么是假设检验呢？假设检验，又叫“显著性检验”，是统计学中根据一定假设条件由样本推断总体的一种方法。一般来说是先对所研究的总体做出某种假设，然后抽样研究，从而推断出应该对于假设拒绝还是接受。如果样本数据不能充分证明和支持假设的成立，则在一定的概率条件下，应该拒绝该假设。反过来，如果样本数据不能充分证明和支持假设的不成立，则不能推翻原假设。
Today, let's talk about a very important concept in Statistics - hypothesis testing. What is hypothesis testing? Hypothesis test, also known as "significance test", is a method in statistics to infer the population from samples according to certain assumptions. Generally speaking, it is to make some assumptions about the studied population first, and then conduct sampling research, so as to infer whether the assumptions should be rejected or accepted. If the sample data can not fully prove and support the hypothesis, the hypothesis should be rejected under certain probability conditions. On the contrary, if the sample data cannot fully prove and support the hypothesis, the original hypothesis cannot be overturned.
假设检验的依据之一是小概率事件原理，在概率论中，我们将发生概率接近0的事件称为小概率事件，统计学上一般将发生概率在0.01一下或者0.05以下的事件称为小概率事件，小概率事件可以看成是一次抽样中不可能发生的事件，若某事件在理论上被认为在原假设成立的情况下是一个小概率事件，若抽样中它发生了，我们就推翻原假设，采用另外的备择假设。
One of the bases for hypothesis testing is the principle of small probability events. In probability theory, we call events with a probability close to 0 as small probability events. Statistically, events with a probability below 0.01 or 0.05 are generally called small probability events. Small probability events can be regarded as events that cannot occur in a sampling. If an event is theoretically considered to be a small probability event when the original hypothesis is established, If it happens in the sampling, we will overturn the original hypothesis and adopt another alternative hypothesis.
这里还需要解释有关假设检验的一些概念，统计包括原假设和备择假设，原假设是指被检验的假设，可以通过检验来选择接受或拒绝假设，通常情况下，我们选择我们想要拒绝的假设作为原假设。备择假设就是与原假设相对立的假设，只有在原假设被拒绝的情况下，备择假设才成立。
Here we also need to explain some concepts about hypothesis testing. Statistics include original hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. The original hypothesis refers to the tested hypothesis. We can choose to accept or reject the hypothesis through testing. Generally, we choose the hypothesis we want to reject as the original hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is a hypothesis opposite to the original hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is tenable only when the original hypothesis is rejected.
下期预告：本节我们先了解了什么是假设检验以及什么是统计假设，下一期，我们将进一步了解假设检验的理论内容。包括什么是拒绝域、假设检验的两大错误、显著性水平、概率P值等
Forecast for next issue: in this section, we first understand what is hypothesis testing and what is statistical hypothesis. In the next issue, we will further understand the theoretical content of hypothesis testing. It includes what is the rejection domain, the two major errors of hypothesis testing, significance level, probability p value, etc.
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参考资料：百度百科，《SPSS 23统计分析实用教程》
翻译：百度翻译
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