【重难点释疑】
1、简单句的特点：简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。
2、简单句的种类：简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。
3、陈述句：
用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。
▲陈述句的肯定式： He is a middle school student.（他是个中学生）/ I have a hammer in my hand.（我手上有把锤子）/ She teaches us geography.（她教我们地理）/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.（新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢）
▲陈述句的否定式：
1)谓语动词如果是to be 、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加"not"。如：My brother is not a teacher.（我的弟弟不是教师）/ He does not have a cousin.（他没有堂兄弟）/ I will not go there tomorrow.（明天我不去那儿）/ My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.（我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭）/ You must not make such mistakes again.（你不该再犯类似错误了） / We haven't discussed the question yet（我们还没有讨论那个问题呢）.
2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加do not(don't).如： I don't know anything about it.(此事我一无所知) / Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.（李明不在农村养猪）/ We didn't expect to meet her right here.（我们没指望着在这里见到她）/ We didn't have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我们没有开会)
3)如果"have"作"有"讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与have got的否定式相同。 如：I haven't (got) any brothers or sisters.（我没有兄弟姐妹）
[注意]
①句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、not…at all等；All of them went there.→None of them went there.（他们全都去了那里→他们全都没去那里）
②句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时, 则视为否定句。如：Few people live there because life there is very hard.（几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了）
③陈述句(主语 谓语 其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如：That's your boss?（那就是你的老板？！）
④陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序,即：主语 谓语 其他。但是有时会倒装,详见"倒装句"。
⑤所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用"主语 谓语 其他"的顺序。如：The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. （老人告诉我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家）/ Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night?（能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗？）
4、疑问句
▲一般疑问句： 用"yes"或"no"来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。
1)一般疑问句构成：句中谓语动词是to be、助动词、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语前面。如：Is he an engineer?（他是工程师吗？）/ Have you got today's newspaper? （你有今天的报纸吗？）/ Shall we go to see a film this evening? （我们今晚去看电影好吗？）/ Can you explain it ?（你能解释它吗？）/ Is there any fish for supper?（晚饭有鱼吗？）/ Would you like to go out for a walk?（你想出去散步吗？）
谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,则在主语前面加助动词do / does / did, 原来的谓语动词改为原形。如：Do you get up at six every morning?（你天天早晨六点起身吗？）/ Does she study hard?（她学习努力吗？）/ Did you go there yesterday?（昨天你去那儿了吗？）
2)一般疑问句的回答：
一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。如：
Will you join us in playing basketball?（你加入我们打篮球好吗？）—Yes, we will.（是的我们会。）/ —No, we won't.（不我们不会。）
Have you got today's newspaper?（你有今天的报纸吗？）—Yes, I have .（是的有。）/ —No, I haven't.（不没有。）
回答时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。
[注意] 回答must或者may开头的疑问句要小心,参见情态动词有关内容。
3)一般疑问句的否定结构(即否定形式的一般疑问句)表示惊奇、责怪、建议、看法等,只要将"not"置于主语之后或者将"not"放到主语之前与be, have等助动词或情态动词合并在一起就可以了。如：
Will he not come?（他难道不来吗？）/ Isn't your sister a Party member?（你的姐姐不是党员吗？）/ Haven't you any brothers?（你没有哥哥吗？）/ Don't you like the play?（你难道不喜欢这个话剧吗？）/ Can't we walk a little farther?（我们不能走远些吗？）/ Won't you sit down?（你不想坐下吗？）/ Hasn't she heard of the matter?（她没听说过这事儿？）
这种否定结构的疑问句的回答与汉语的习惯不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用"yes 肯定结构"；如果回答是否定的,就用"no 否定结构"。(情况与反意问句类似。)如：
Can't he answer the question? (他不能回答这个问题吗？)
—Yes,he can.(不,他能回答这个问题。) —No,he can't. (是的,他不能回答这个问题。)
▲特殊疑问句：要求具体回答的问句。
1)特殊疑问句结构是：
如：What do you want?（你要什么？）/ Who(m) are you looking for ?（你在找谁？）/ Whose magazine is this?（这是谁的杂志？）/Which class are you in?（你在哪班？）/ When did you get up this morning?（你今早什么时候起身的？）/ Where have you been?（你到哪儿去了？）/ Why did he go to bed so early?（他为什么这么早睡觉？）/ How did you go there?（你是怎么去的那儿？）
但是,"who"引出的询问主语或主语部分相关词的特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句词序相同：如：Who is dancing over there?（谁在那边跳舞？）
有时"what","which","whose"也可以引出与陈述句词序相同的特殊疑问句。如：What is on the wall?（什么东西在墙上？/墙上有什么？）/ Which is yours?（哪个是你的？）/ Whose book is in your bag?（谁的书在你的书包里？）
[注意]从陈述句改为特殊问句时,先将句子改为一般问句,再将(划线)提问部分更改为疑问词置于句首,特别要注意助动词的使用！如果只对主语或主语的修饰词提问,那么只需要将疑问部分改为疑问词即可。
2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词：
疑问代词： who, whom, whose, which, what,
疑问副词： when, where, why, how,
how构成的短语：how many (多少个) (独立用；或跟可数名词), how much (多少) (独立用；或跟不可数名词), how old (多大年纪), how far (多远), how often (多常),how long (多久,多长), how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。
3)特殊疑问句有时也用否定式。如：Why don't you ask Jim instead?(常缩略为Why not…?) (你为什么不转请Jim呢？)
4) 特殊疑问句疑问部分有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如：When and where were you born? (你是何时何地出生的？)
5) 疑问词如果是介词的宾语,则该介词可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如：What do you want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer? (你干嘛要一台电脑呢？)
▲反意疑问句： 反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用"yes"或"no"来进行回答。
1) 构成：由两部分组成：前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句,它是由be ,have, 助动词或情态动词 主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否定结构；反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分,必须保持人称和时态的一致；反意疑问句的回答有时会和汉语不同。
如：He is old, isn't he? (他老了不是吗？) / The man went away, didn't he? (那个男人走开了不是吗？) / He isn't old, is he? (他不老是吗？) / He never went there, did he? (他从没有去过那里是吗？)
2) 反意问句的回答：
无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循："Yes, 肯定式"或者"No, 否定式"
如：The man went away, didn't he?(那人走开了,不是吗？)
——Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/ No, he didn't.(不,他没有走。)
The man never went there, did he?(这人从来不去那里,是吗？)
——Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/ No, he didn't.(是呀,他不去。)
▲选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句叫选择疑问句。
1) 构成：(1) 一般疑问句 or 第二选项？
(2) 特殊疑问句 第一选项( 第二选项) or 第三选项？
2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如：
Is your friend a boy or a girl? –A girl. (----你的朋友是男孩还是女孩？----是女孩。) / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? –Tea, please. (---你要哪一样咖啡还是茶？----请来茶吧。) / Which do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? --Dancing, of course. (----唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜欢哪样？----当然是跳舞啦！)
5、祈使句：祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。
▲祈使句的肯定式： 动词(原形) 其他 如：Please give me a hand. (请帮忙) / Shut up! (住嘴！)
▲祈使句的否定式： Don't 动词原形 其他 如：Please don't talk in low voices. (请不要低声讲话。) / Don't look back! (不要掉头看。)
[注意] 以"let's"引出的祈使句的否定结构,"not"应放在"let's"后面。如：Let's not trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。)
肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如：Please do help me! (请千万帮帮我。)
6、感叹句：感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用"！"
▲对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是：
What (a /an) (形容词) 名词 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的名词,如：What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩！) / What bad weather (it is)! (天气真糟糕！)
▲仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是：How 形容词/副词 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。How carefully the old man walks! (这老人走路真小心！) / How delicious the food is! (这食品真好吃！) / How beautiful! (真美呀！)
▲有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。He is sitting on a tiger's back! (他坐在老虎的背上！) / A nice shot! (漂亮一击！) / Good goal! (好球！)
7、倒装句： 谓语的一部分或者全部放在主语之前的句子称为倒装句。
（1）THERE BE句型以及以here、there开头的句子。如： There are a lot of children in the showroom. (在展览室里有许多的小孩。)/ Here comes the bus. (公交车来了。) / There goes the bell. (铃响了。) / The door opened and in came Mr Lee. (门开了,李先生走了进来。)
（2）用"So / Nor / Neither 助动词 主语"倒装结构表示第二个人物的情况与上文的人物情况相同。如：Tom went to the beach last week, and, so did I. (Tom上个星期去了海滩,我也是。) / Li Mei's bought nothing from the shop. Neither has Jim. (李梅没有在店里买什么,Jim也没有买。)
（3）在疑问句中,通常使用在主语之前安放助动词的倒装方法,对主语提问除外。如：How did he find the lost book? (他是怎么样找到丢失的书的？) / Where are they going to spend the summer vacation? (他们打算到哪儿过暑假？)
（4）感叹句中通常将被感叹的部分前移,而将句子的主谓语整体后置。 如：What a beautiful flower (it is)! (那是多漂亮的花！)
（5）有引号引用某人的原话时,引号外面的主谓一般采用倒装形式放在句尾,但是,若主语是代词则不倒装。如："What on earth are you doing up there?" said the father. (父亲说："你在上边到底干什么？") / "What on earth are you doing up there?"he said. (他说："你在上边到底干什么？")
【重难点突破】
基本用法演练
1.Bob has few friends in his new school, __________?
A. hasn't be B. does he C. doesn't he.
2.—________ hot weather it is! Why not have a cold drink?
—Sounds good! Let's go.
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
3.—____________ does the London Eye take you above the River Thames?
—One hundred and thirty-five meters.
A. How long B. How high C. How heavy
4.— ________ wonderful the music is!
—Yes. It makes me relaxed after a busy day.
A. How B. What a C. How a
5.—Chinese govt has successfully stopped the virus from spreading in China.
—______________proud we Chinese fell
A. How B. How a C. What D. What a
6.______useful the information you've provided is!
A. What a B. What C. What an D. How
7.—Lucy, look at the stars in the sky.
— ！
A. What bright it is B. How bright they are C. What bright they are
8. weather it is! Let's go for a picnic, Frank.
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
9.—All of my classmates have passed the PE test.
—________exciting the news is!
A. What B. What an C. How D. How an
10.____ smardriverless car is! I really want to have one.
A. What B. What a C. What an D. How
11.—Peter has made great progress in English recently.
— . He has been studying so hard these days.
A. So have he B. So he has C. So he have D. So has he
12. specasses we had! We have learned a lot about paper cutting.
A. What B. What a C. How a D. How
13.—Wang Bin has never stopped smoking, ________ he?
—________, he hasn't. Although his wife always advises him not to.
A. has; Yes B. hasn't; Yes C. has; No D. hasn't; No
14.Guan Dong an old lady out of the Yangtze River. ________great courage he showed!
A. What a B. What C. How a D. How
15._____ grn Peppa and George have jumping in muddy puddles (泥坑)!
A. What B. What a C. How a D. How
16.—_____ good grades I hope to get in this exam！
—I'm sure you will.
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
17.—More and more people prefer to walk rather than ride in cars.
—________. Walking is good for health.
A. So they B. So are they C. So they do D. So do they
18.________ exciews it is! 3D—printed houses will come out!
A. What B. What an C. How D. How an
19.—I'd love to go hiking with you, but I have much homework________.
—If you don't go, _____.
A. to do; so do I B. to do; nor will I C. doing; so will I D. do; neither am I
20. enjoyable The Reader is! I like the TV program.
A. How B. How a C. What a D. What
1. B2. A3. B4. A5. A6. D7. B8. A9. C10. D
11. B12. A13. C14. B15. A16. A17. C18. A19.B20. A
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