原来哪些国家殖民过其他国家（读历史学英语一）

Which Asian Nations Were Never Colonized by Europe?

亚洲哪些国家没有被欧洲殖民过？

英文作者：Kallie Szczepanski 翻译：好脾气

写在前面：我喜欢读读历史，也有一丢丢的英文基础，发表中英对照的文章，主要是了解学习一些历史知识，捎带脚也能提升一下英文，译文不完全是直译，加入了我的个人理解，但整体改动不大，每篇文章篇幅没设定太长，有什么建议请留言讨论，结尾有划重点的词汇。

Between the 16th and 20th centuries, various European nations set out to conquer the world and take all of its wealth. They seized lands in North and South America, Australia and New Zealand, Africa, and Asia as colonies. Some countries were able to fend off annexation, however, either through rugged terrain, fierce fighting, skillful diplomacy, or a lack of attractive resources. Which Asian countries, then, escaped colonization by Europeans?

16世纪到20世纪，欧洲众多国家纷纷走上征服世界抢夺财富的道路。这段时间他们夺取的土地包括南北美洲、澳大利亚、新西兰、非洲和亚洲的大片地区，并将之作为殖民地。然而，还是有些国家能够抵御吞并的。他们有的是借助崎岖的地形优势，有的是通过惨烈的战斗，有的是运用娴熟的外交手段，有的仅仅是因为实在没什么资源可以掠夺而被放弃。谈及亚洲，有哪些国家在这个阶段没有被殖民过呢？

This question seems straightforward, but the answer is rather complicated. Many Asian regions escaped direct annexation as colonies by the European powers, yet were still under various degrees of domination by the western powers. Here then are the Asian nations that were not colonized, roughly ordered from most autonomous to least autonomous:

这个问题看似简单，回答起来却十分复杂。很多亚洲国家或地区虽然没有被欧洲势力直接吞并，但仍在一定程度上受其控制或影响。本文大致按照受西方势力影响程度由少到多的顺序，列举亚洲未被殖民的国家。

Japan:

Faced with the threat of western encroachment, Tokugawa Japan reacted by completely revolutionizing its social and political structures in the Meiji Restoration of 1868. By 1895, it was able to defeat the former East Asian great power, Qing China, in the First Sino-Japanese War. Meiji Japan stunned Russia and the other European powers in 1905 when it won the Russo-Japanese War. It would go on to annex Korea and Manchuria, and then seize much of Asia during World War II. Rather than being colonized, Japan became an imperial power in its own right.

日本：

为了应对被西方入侵的危机，日本从1868年起实施了明治维新，进行了全面的社会和政治改革。到1895年，日本在甲午战争中击败此前的东亚第一强国清政府。1905年日本又击败了俄国取得了日俄战争的胜利。继而又逐步吞并了朝鲜半岛，中国东北并在二战中占领了亚洲大片地区。日本通过改革，不仅避免了被殖民的厄运反而成为了帝国主义的一员。

原来哪些国家殖民过其他国家（读历史学英语一）(1)

明治天皇

Siam (Thailand):

Late in the nineteenth century, the Kingdom of Siam found itself in an uncomfortable position between the French imperial possessions of French Indochina (now Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) to the east, and British Burma (now Myanmar) to the west. The Siamese king Chulalongkorn the Great, also called Rama V, managed to fend off both the French and the British through skillful diplomacy. He adopted many European customs and was intensely interested in European technologies. He also played the British and French off one another, preserving most of Siam's territory and its independence.

暹罗（泰国）：

十九世纪晚期时，暹罗国发现自己处于两大殖民势力之间，很不舒服。东有法属中南半岛（现在的越南、柬埔寨、老挝），西有英属缅甸。当时的暹罗皇帝朱拉隆功（拉玛五世）设法通过巧妙的外交手段与法英两国斡旋。他采用了很多欧洲的风俗习惯，并且对欧洲的科技很感兴趣，引入了部分先进的科技成果。尽管被迫割让了部分领土，但基本保持了国家的独立，这对于一个东南亚的小国实属不易。

原来哪些国家殖民过其他国家（读历史学英语一）(2)

暹罗皇帝朱拉隆功（拉玛五世）

The Ottoman Empire (Turkey):

The Ottoman Empire was too large, powerful, and complex for any one European power to simply annex it outright. However, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the European powers peeled off its territories in northern Africa and southeast Europe by seizing them directly or by encouraging and supplying local independence movements. Beginning with the Crimean War (1853-56), the Ottoman government or Sublime Porte had to borrow money from European banks to finance its operations. When it was unable to repay the money it owed to the London and Paris-based banks, they took control of the Ottoman revenue system, seriously infringing on the Porte's sovereignty. Foreign interests also invested heavily in railroad, port, and infrastructure projects, giving them even more power within the tottering empire. The Ottoman Empire remained self-governing until it fell after World War I, but foreign banks and investors wielded an inordinate amount of power there.

奥斯曼土耳其帝国：

地域广阔、实力强大的奥斯曼帝国对于任何一个想要吞并他的欧洲国家来说都不是一件容易的事。因此19世纪末二十世纪初，欧洲列强通过直接占领北非和东南欧的领土，或通过鼓励和支持当地的独立运动，把这些地区分离出去。1853年到1856年的克里米亚战争，让奥斯曼政府开始从欧洲国家的银行借款来维持战争开销。当土耳其政府无力偿还借款时，欧洲国家就开始逐步控制其财政，（听起来耳熟不，咱大清的海关也是这么被控制的吧），这毫无疑问严重的侵害了奥斯曼的主权。外国利益集团还在铁路、港口和基础设施项目上大举投资，使它们在这个摇摇欲坠的帝国中拥有更大的权力。奥斯曼帝国在第一次世界大战结束前一直保持自治，但外国银行和投资者在那里掌握着巨大的权力。(P.S很佩服第一个翻译奥斯曼的人，没有把Ottoman翻译成奥特曼）

原来哪些国家殖民过其他国家（读历史学英语一）(3)

Crimean War/克里米亚战争

China:

Like the Ottoman Empire, Qing China was too large for any single European power to simply grab. Instead, Britain and France got a foothold through trade, which they then expanded through the First and Second Opium Wars. Once they had gained major concessions in the treaties following those wars, other powers such as Russia, Italy, the US, and even Japan demanded similar favored nation status. The powers divided coastal China up into "spheres of influence" and stripped the hapless Qing Dynasty of much of its sovereignty, without ever actually annexing the country. Japan did annex the Qing homeland of Manchuria in 1931, however.

中国（清王朝）：

中国比奥斯曼帝国要强大的多，没有哪个欧洲国家有能力独吞中国。因此英法两国首先通过贸易获得了立足点，并通过两次鸦片战争扩大了贸易。在此之后，一旦英法两国在条约中获得了重大让步，其他国家如俄国，意大利，美国以及后来的日本等均要求获得最惠国待遇。列强将中国沿海地区划分为“势力范围”，虽然列强剥夺了落寞的清王朝的大部分主权，但他们从未真正吞并过这个国家。名义上，清王朝还是保持了自己的独立。（大清我就不上图了，脑补一下吧，找图挺累的）

Afghanistan:

Both Great Britain and Russia hoped to seize Afghanistan as part of their "Great Game" - a competition for land and influence in Central Asia. However, the Afghans had other ideas; they famously "don't like foreigners with guns in their country," as Zbigniew Brzezinski once remarked. They slaughtered or captured an entire British army in the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839 - 1842), with only one army medic making it back to India to tell the tale. In the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878 - 1880), Britain fared somewhat better. It was able to make a deal with the newly-installed ruler, Amir Abdur Rahman, that gave Britain control of Afghanistan's foreign relations, while the amir took care of domestic matters. This shielded British India from Russian expansionism while leaving Afghanistan more or less independent.

阿富汗：

英国和俄国都希望占领阿富汗作为他们“大博弈”的一部分——争夺中亚的土地和影响力。然而，阿富汗人并不惯毛病，正如美国著名地缘战略理论家兹比格涅夫•布热津斯基(Zbigniew Brzezinski)曾经说过的那样，他们“不喜欢外国人在他们的国家持有枪支”。在第一次英阿战争(1839 - 1842)中，他们消灭并俘虏一整支英国军队，只有一名军医逃回到印度。在第二次英阿战争(1878 - 1880)中，英国要稍微有一些面子。它与新上任的统治者阿米尔·阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼(Amir Abdur Rahman)达成协议，让英国控制阿富汗的外交关系，而阿米尔则负责国内事务。这保护了英属印度免受俄罗斯扩张主义的影响，同时让阿富汗一定程度上保持了独立。（结合今天来看，阿富汗也是战斗民族啊）。

原来哪些国家殖民过其他国家（读历史学英语一）(4)

the First Anglo-Afghan War/第一次英阿战争

Persia (Iran):

Like Afghanistan, the British and Russians considered Persia an important piece in the Great Game. During the 19th century, Russia nibbled away at northern Persian territory in the Caucasus and in what is now Turkmenistan. Britain extended its influence into the eastern Persian Balochistan region, which bordered on part of British India (now Pakistan). In 1907, the Anglo-Russian Convention laid out a British sphere of influence in Balochistan, while Russia got a sphere of influence covering most of the northern half of Persia. Like the Ottomans, the Qajar rulers of Persia had borrowed money from European banks for projects like railroads and other infrastructure improvements, and could not pay back the money. Britain and Russia agreed without consulting the Persian government that they would split the revenues from Persian customs, fisheries, and other industries to amortize the debts. Persia never became a formal colony, but it temporarily lost control of its revenue stream and much of its territory — a source of bitterness to this day.

波斯（伊朗）：英国人和俄国人认为伊朗和阿富汗一样，是大博弈中的重要一环。在19世纪，俄罗斯蚕食了波斯北部高加索地区和现在土库曼斯坦的领土。英国将其影响力扩展到东波斯俾路支省，该地区与英属印度(现巴基斯坦)部分接壤。1907年，《英俄公约》划定了英国在俾路支省的势力范围，而俄罗斯获得了覆盖波斯北部大部分地区的势力范围。和奥斯曼人一样，波斯的统治者也从欧洲银行借钱修建铁路和其他基础设施，也同样却无力偿还。英国和俄罗斯在没有征求波斯政府意见的情况下约定，他们将从波斯海关、渔业和其他行业的收入中分摊，以摊销债务。波斯从未正式成为一个殖民地，但它暂时失去了对收入来源和大部分领土的控制。

原来哪些国家殖民过其他国家（读历史学英语一）(5)