2010年，曹云金退出德云社，郭德纲一直把曹云金当成儿子一样教养，徒弟的“背叛”让他在2016年德云社修订家谱时，对曹云金的评判是“欺师灭祖悖逆人伦”。
In 2010, Cao Yunjin withdrew from Deyun Club. Guo Degang has always raised Cao Yunjin as a son. The "betrayal" of his apprentice caused him to judge Cao Yunjin as "betraying the teacher" when he revised his family tree in 2016.
事后回看，德云社的这次风波的本质，其实不是人品或者道德问题，而是一个公司治理错位的问题，也就是说，郭德纲用曲艺界的师徒关系搞不定21世纪的现代公司。
Looking back afterwards, the turmoil of Deyun Club was not actually a character or moral issue, but a problem of corporate governance misalignment. In other words, Guo Degang used the mentor-apprentice relationship in the Quyi world to fix the 21st-century modern company.
中国的相声界、曲艺界都讲究个传承，亲疏有别，一个外面来的小徒弟想要拜师学艺，得先端茶倒水，起早贪黑伺候师傅师娘，辛苦了很多年后才有可能教你个一招半式的。
The cross talk world in China pays attention to inheritance. A young apprentice from outside who wants to learn art from a teacher needs to serve tea and pour water first.
师徒之间就像是“合伙企业”，必须是彼此的“熟人”，了解各自的能力、性格、人品、家庭背景，才有可能放心去为彼此承担无限责任。他们一起走下去靠的是什么？两个字，信任。
The masters and apprentices are like "partnerships". They must be "acquaintances" of each other. Only by understanding their abilities, personalities, personalities, and family background can they be assured of assuming unlimited responsibility for each other. What do they rely on to go down together? It depends on trust.
社会学家卢曼在1979年提出过一个观点，信任是用来减少社会交往复杂性的“简化机制”。
Sociologist Luhmann put forward a view in 1979 that trust is a "simplification mechanism" used to reduce the complexity of social interaction.
所以德云社最开始的时候，就是熟人之间的人际信任，师徒制度够用也好用。一直好使到2006年，这一年，北京德云社文化传播有限公司正式成立了，这就意味着师徒制的相声作坊已经变成了现代公司。
Therefore, when Deyun Club first started, it was the interpersonal trust between acquaintances, and the mentoring system was sufficient and easy to use. It worked well until 2006. In this year, Beijing Deyunshe Culture Communication Co., Ltd. was formally established, which means that the cross talk workshop of mentor-apprentice system has become a modern company.
变成了公司，原来那种人际信任还好使吗？如果公司发展得越来越大，几千甚至上万人，信任还能作为调节机制吗？
After becoming a company, does that kind of interpersonal trust work? If the company grows bigger and bigger, tens of thousands or even tens of thousands, can trust still serve as an adjustment mechanism?
人际信任 vs 制度信任 Interpersonal trust vs system trust现代社会的股份公司，股东人数已经多到互相之间都没见过，互相不认识，根本谈不上人际间的信任，而且管理也越来越复杂，只靠自家人和熟人根本管不好，怎么办？
In modern stock companies, the number of shareholders is so large that they have never seen each other. They don’t know each other, and there is no interpersonal trust. Moreover, the management is becoming more and more complicated. It is impossible to manage only by family members and acquaintances. ,How to do?
这时候，简化社会交往复杂性的信任机制就要更多的靠制度信任了，而制度信任主要是依赖法律法规的保障和制度约束。
At this time, the trust mechanism that simplifies the complexity of social interactions must rely more on institutional trust, and institutional trust mainly relies on the protection of laws and regulations and institutional constraints.
信任其实有两种的，一种是人际信任，另外一种是制度信任。在股权高度分散的股份有限公司，对于制度信任的要求是最高的，绝大多数公司治理的研究和教材都是围绕这样的股份公司来展开的，讨论的基本上全是各种各样的法律和制度设计。
There are actually two types of trust, one is interpersonal trust, and the other is institutional trust. In a joint stock company with a highly dispersed shareholding, the requirements for institutional trust are the highest. Most of the research and teaching materials on corporate governance are carried out around such joint-stock companies, and the discussions are basically all kinds of systems design.
必须承认这种法治大于人治的理念是历史的进步，因为相比于人际信任，制度信任更加适应现代化大生产。制度之所以带来信任，是因为它具有公平性、确定性、普遍性和强制性，可以降低信任的风险。
It must be admitted that this idea that the rule of law is greater than the rule of man is a historical advance, because institutional trust is more suitable for modern mass production than interpersonal trust. The system brings trust because it has fairness, certainty, universality and compulsion, which can reduce the risk of trust.
比如说，有限责任制度作为一个法律制度固定下来以后，陌生人会因为对这个制度的信任，把资金拿出来聚集到一起，这比因为人际信任所能集聚到的资金要多得多得多。
For example, after the limited liability system is fixed as a legal system, strangers will gather funds because of their trust in the system, which is much more than the funds that can be gathered because of interpersonal trust.
被低估的人际信任 Underestimated trust in interpersonal制度信任的重要性毋庸置疑，但人际信任的重要性也不应该被低估。
The importance of system trust is unquestionable, but the importance of interpersonal trust should not be underestimated.
第一，制度信任并非是对于制度的信任，而是通过制度，达到对人的信任。
First, institutional trust is not the trust in the system, but the trust in people through the system.
制度本身不是我们信任的终极目标，只有制度中的人才是。如果我们有办法提高人际信任，对于制度信任其实是很好的补充和替代。
The system itself is not the ultimate goal of our trust, only the people in the system are. If we have a way to improve interpersonal trust, it is actually a good supplement and substitute for institutional trust.
比如初创公司的老板，不要去学上市公司那些所谓最先进的治理结构，反倒是捆住了自己的手脚，初创阶段最应该做的其实是建立大家对于老板的人际信任，树立老板个人认同，以提高组织效率。成功的初创公司，都少不了一个一言九鼎的老板。
For example, the boss of a start-up company should not learn from the so-called most advanced governance structure of listed companies, but instead tie up their own hands and feet. Improve organizational efficiency. Successful start-ups are indispensable for a boss who speaks for words.
第二，有限责任公司的股东往往是基于人际信任才走到一起的，法律上也保护这种人际信任。
Second, the shareholders of a limited liability company often come together based on interpersonal trust, and this interpersonal trust is also protected by law.
比如，有限责任公司的股权向股东以外的人转让，应当经过其他股东过半数同意；股东间关系更多靠内部沟通好的契约来约束。而股份公司的股权是可以自由转让的，股东之间的沟通非常有限。
For example, the transfer of shares in a limited liability company to someone other than shareholders should be approved by more than half of other shareholders; the relationship between shareholders is more restricted by internally communicated contracts. Shares in stock companies can be transferred freely, and communication between shareholders is very limited.
从个人企业，合伙企业到有限责任公司，再到股份公司，形成了一个人际信任逐渐降低，制度信任逐渐增强的连续光谱。
From individual enterprises, partnerships to limited liability companies, and then to stock companies, a continuous spectrum of gradual decline in interpersonal trust and increasing institutional trust has been formed.
我们也可以把个人、合伙这些古典企业看成是黄包车，靠两条腿跑出来的，是纯粹的“人治”，有限责任公司是马车，而股份有限公司是汽车，对人的依赖逐渐减弱。但是汽车是不是就完全不靠人了呢？显然不是的，它毕竟不能是无人驾驶汽车。所以即使在股份公司里，也必须有人治的成分。
We can also regard the classical enterprises such as individuals and partnerships as rickshaws, which run out on two legs and are purely "rule of man." A limited liability company is a carriage, while a joint stock limited company is a car, and its dependence on people is gradually weakening. But is it not dependent on people at all? Obviously not, it cannot be a driverless car after all. Therefore, even in a joint-stock company, there must be an element of human governance.
维系一家公司到底靠什么？靠的就是信任，想维系公司就要增加人们之间相互的信任，这份信任一定是同时包含人际信任和制度信任，只是在不同的公司，人际信任和制度信任这两方面的侧重比例是不同的，公司越发展，越侧重制度信任。
What does it depend on to maintain a company? It depends on trust. If you want to maintain a company, you must increase mutual trust between people. This trust must include both interpersonal trust and institutional trust. It's just that in different companies, the ratio of emphasis on interpersonal trust and institutional trust is different. Yes, the more the company develops, the more it focuses on institutional trust.
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